Geography and Culture Essay

The speech of Chief Seattle talked about the decline of the race of American Indians in the United States as long as the land that they used to till and call their own. The Whites have taken over their society and their culture is on the decline. Yet, he does not blame the Whites alone for their predicament; the chief also blames their young men and pointed out that change is very much present in the world. The Red men no longer seem to have rights and the need for country. California is a very dynamic society in the world today. If it became an independent country, it would be the fifth largest economy all over the world. Furthermore, it would also become the most populous State with the largest number of ethnicities present. It has the potential to become a cultural hub and exchange where various cultures and attitudes come together. The migration of different ethnic groups to California contributes to its prosperity. When ethnic groups go there, they also bring with them their contacts and their connections. In the process, these ethnic groups can connect with the rest of the world, enhancing the economic and cultural life of California. Through this backdrop of multiculturalism, the import and export trade of California is also enhanced. In this highly globalized world, connection with other nations and economies all over the world is highly desirable and can help enhance the economic prosperity of a nation.

Biol 130 First Midterm Notes

Unit 1 – Introduction to the Cell Robert Hooke – built the first microscope (30x magnification); viewed slices of cork called cellula (little rooms). Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek – worked with glass huge improvement in quality of lenses nearly 300x magnification became possible first to observe: * single-celled organisms â€Å"animalcules† * protists from pond water * bacteria from his mouth – â€Å"father of microbiology† * blood cells * banded pattern in muscle cells * sperm from †¦ 1830s – Compound microscope – improved magnification and resolution and allowed visualization of objects less than 1 ? . 1000-1500x magnification Beginning of Cell Theory Robert Brown (botanist) – noticed that every plant cell contained a round structure called it ‘kernel’-nucleus Matthias Schleiden (another botanist) – all plant tissues are composed of cells; embryonic plant always arose from a single cell Theodor Schwann (zoologist) – similar observations in animal cells; recognition of structural similarities btw plants and animals! * Cell Theory formulated by Schwann Cell Theory 1. all organisms consist of one or more cells 2. he cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms 3. added 20 years later: all cells arise only from pre-existing cells fact (scientific) – an attempt to state our best current understanding, based on observations and experiments(valid only until revised or replaced) Steps in Scientific Method 1. make observations 2. use inductive reasoning to develop tentative explanation (hypothesis) 3. make predictions based on your hypothesis 4. make further observations or design and carry out controlled experiments to test your hypothesis 5. nterpret your results to see if they support your hypothesis Theory – a hypothesis that has been tested critically under many different conditions andby many different investigators . using a variety of different approa ches. By the time an explanation is regarded as a theory it is widely accepted by most scientists in the cell * the â€Å"solid ground† of science: evolution, germ theory, cell theory *If a theory is thoroughly tested and confirmed over many years by such large numbers of investigators that there is no doubt of its validity †¦ it may eventually be regarded as a law.Gravity, laws of thermodynamics, laws that govern behaviour of gases ‘Strands’ of Cell Biology 13 cytology 1600s Hooke looks at cork Leeuwenhoek looks at lots of things 1800s Brown notes nuclei bio-chemistry synthesis of urea in lab fermentation done by cells! glycolysis Krebs cycle every cell comes from a cell Schleiden & Schwann formulate cell theory electron microscopy stains & dyes genetics Mendel, pea plants DNA chromosomes chromosome theory 1930s DNA double helix DNA sequencing Dolly the sheep! nano-technology! genetic code Light Microscopy:Bright field – light passes through specimen , contrast is slow and specimen is hard to see Phase contrast – contrast is changed by changing light in microscope DIC – uses optical modifications to change contrast between cell and background – due to density differential Staining – stain used to visualize cell and components, only some stains can be used on living cells 14 bright field phase contrast DIC unstained (sperm cells) stained blood cells tissue – small intestine Fluorescent Microscopy – fluorescent dyes bind to protein or DNA to see where they are in cells – tracks movement Electron Microscopy(Scanning & Transmission):SEM – scan surface of specimen to form image by detecting electrons from outer surface. Good surface images TEM – forms image from electrons passing through specimen therefore fine details of internal organelles 16 SEM TEM Basic Properties of Cells: * are highly complex and organized * atoms molecules macromolecules (organelles ) enclosed in plasma membrane * use the same ‘genetic program’ Central Dogma * DNA RNA protein * are capable of reproducing themselves * must first replicate genetic material acquire and use energy (â€Å"bioenergetics†) and carry out a variety of chemical reactions (â€Å"cellular metabolism†) * have many processes that are highly conserved at the molecular level * membrane structure, genetic code, ATP synthesizing enzymes, actin filaments, eukaryotic flagella, †¦ * engage in many mechanical activities * transport of materials in/out, within * assembly and disassembly of structures * motility / movement * respond to environmental signals * move away or toward stimuli * respond to hormones, growth factors, etc * are capable of self-regulationâ€Å"homeostasis† most evident when control systems break down; defects in DNA replication, DNA repair, cell cycle control Two Classes of Cells – karyon = nucleus Prokaryotic Cells: lack of nucleus, NO CYTOSKELET ON(very small), membrane bound organelles. Mostly unicellular. Bacteria and Archaea. Single, circular strand of DNA(fewer proteins). Cell wall in addition to PM 1-10 uM in diameter. 2 types: 1. Eubacteria – all have cells walls except for mycoplasma(resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis). Mycoplasma(smallest) Cyanobacteria (largest and most complex). 2.Archaeabacteria – all have cell walls and are known as extermophiles, occupy broad range of habitats, halophiles=salty, acidophiles=acid, thermophiles= hot. Eukaryotic Cells: 10x larger than prokaryotic cells, membrane bound nucleus/organelles. More complex DNA due to histones/proteins. 4 groups: 1. Protists- very diverse group – mostly single cells; algae, water molds, slime molds, protozoa 2. Fungi – single cell(yeast) or multi-cellular(mushrooms) and have cell walls. Heterotrophs; depend on external source of organic compounds 3. Plant cells- multi-cellular and have cell walls. . Anima ls- multi-cellular, no cell walls and are heterotrophs Cytoplasm – everything between plasma membrane and nuclear membrane, includes all membrane-bound organelles (except nucleus) Cytosol – only fluid component Endomembrane system – internal membranes that are either in direct contact or connected via transfer of vesicles (sacs of membrane). including: nuclear envelope / membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles Nucleus – stores genetic information Endomembrane System – creates intracellular compartments with different functions.Endoplasmic reticulum (ER; rough, smooth), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes. Mitochondria – generate energy to power the cell Chloroplasts – capture energy from sunlight, convert to carbohydrate Cytoskeleton – regulates cell shape, movements of materials within the cell, movement of the cell itself Flow of Traffic in EMS – Rough ER: synthesis of proteins for – ex port (secretion) – insertion into membranes – lysosomes Golgi apparatus: collection, packaging & distribution Lysosomes * cell ‘stomachs’ have enzymes that can digest †¦ * all 4 classes of biological macromolecules worn-out organelles (mitochondria replaced every 10 days) * material brought into cell by phagocytosis Phagocytosis – plasma membrane engulfs smaller molecule and then called phagosome. Lysosome takes it in and digests, small particles are releases into the cytoplasm. Autophagy – lysosome digests a damaged organelle, small particles are released into cytosol. mitochondria (all eukaryotic cells) and chloroplasts (plant cells): * contain DNA that encodes some (but not all) of their own proteins * have unusual double layers of membranesOrigin of Eukaryotic Cells: Endosymbiont Theory * once believed that eukaryotes evolved gradually, organelles becoming more and more complex * now accepted that early eukaryotes originated as preda tors * certain organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts) evolved from smaller prokaryotes engulfed by larger cell * later chloroplasts and the ability to perform photosynthesis Symbiosis – Mutual Advantage advantage to host cell: * aerobic respiration (aerobic bacteria mitochondria) * photosynthesis (cyanobacteria chloroplasts) advantage to bacteria: * protected environment supply of carbon compounds from host cell’s other prey Evidence Supporting Endosymbiont Theory mitochondria and chloroplasts †¦ * are similar size to bacteria, reproduced by fission like bacteria * have double membranes, consistent with engulfing mechanism * have their own ribosomes, which resemble those of prokaryotes rather than eukaryotes in terms of size, composition and sensitivity to antibiotics * have their own genomes, which are organized like those of bacteria last but not least: * are genetically similar to proposed ‘parent’ bacteria rather than ukaryotic cells Cytoskeleton important in: * cell shape * cell motility * movement / position of organelles * movement of materials within cell * movement of chromosomes during mitosis Cytoplasm in a living cell is never static * cytoskeleton is constantly being taken apart and rebuilt * organelles and vesicles are racing back and forth * can cross the cell in ~ 1 second * unattached proteins moving randomly, but rapidly * can visit every corner of the cell within a few seconds * contents of cytosol are in constant thermal motionCommon to all cells: * selectively permeable plasma membrane * genetic code; mechanism of transcription and translation * ATP for the transfer of energy and metabolic pathways Model Organisms 45 Unit 2a – Intro to Cellular Chemistry Most Common Elements in Living Organisms: * C H O N – make up 96% – also P and S are common too * Exist as complex macromolecules and simpler forms like water and carbon dioxide nucleus – dense core in centre, consists of protons and neutrons electrons – continually orbit the nucleus # of protons – defining feature of an element = atomic number – # protons + # neutrons = mass of an atom = mass number – by default, an atom is ‘neutral’, with # protons = # electrons – electrons influence reactivity of an atom †¦ Atomic mass = atomic number + # of neutrons (electrons are neglected because mass is so small) Isotopes – same number of protons but different number of neutrons in the same element Anion – gain electron and are negatively charged Cation – lose electron and are positively chargedOutermost ‘valence’ shell influences an atom’s reactivity * electrons in outermost shell valence electrons * unpaired valance electrons determine the number of bonds an atom can make * atoms with filled valance shell = most stable, atoms that are closest to filling are most reactive * elements abundant in organisms have at least one u npaired valence electron Some Definitions: covalent bonds – two or more atoms share pairs of valence electrons * strong bonds of biological systems non-covalent bonds, including * ionic bonds * hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) * hydrophobic interactions olecule – group of atoms held together by energy in a stable association compound – molecule composed of two or more different types of atoms Types of Covalent Bonds * electrons shared ‘equally’ * non-polar covalent bond * can be single (like H2), double (O2) or even triple, depending on number of electrons shared * electrons not shared equally * polar covalent bond * one of the atoms has a stronger pull on the electrons than the other * pull on electrons = electronegativity * water is the most abundant molecule in biological organisms * human body is ~70% water water as a solvent can dissolve more types of molecules than other molecule known * the polarity of water is key to its role in biology hydrogen bon ding – electrical attraction between electronegative atom and partial positive of hydrogen hydrophobic – no affinity for water – â€Å"water fearing† hydrophilic – affinity for water – â€Å"water loving† Acid-base Reaction substance that gives up (donates) protons acid (increases [H+] in solution) substance that accepts protons base (decreases [H+] in solution) chemical reaction that involves transfer of protons acid-base reaction * most olecules act as either an acid or a base * water can be both (both gives up and accepts protons) weak acid: very few molecules dissociated (acetic acid, water) strong acid: readily gives up protons (hydrochloric acid) when pH = pKa species is 50% ionized Carbon is the most important element in biology carbon atoms give biomolecules their shape but other atoms attached to carbons determine their reactivity * critical H, N, O containing attachments called functional groups *learn orgo functional groups for this courseMacromolecules * large, organized molecules that are typically created by polymerization * biological macromolecules (biomolecules) provide the structure and carry out the activities of a cell 4 groups: * carbohydrates(polysaccharides) * lipids(fats) * proteins * nucleic acids * monomers of groups are different – chemical reactions used to make the chains are similar Overview of Macromolecules 3 Proteins – more functions than any other group of macromolecule * enzymes – catalysis; accelerate chemical reactions transport – through cell membranes, in circulation * support – cytoskeleton, fibres of cartilage, hair, nails * signalling / regulatory – hormones, membrane proteins, intracellular messengers * movement- of the cell itself – contractile proteins, flagella – within the cell – motor proteins * defense – antibodies, complement proteins Proteins are Polymers * amino acids are connected in linear polymers of a specific sequence * 20 genetically encoded amino acid monomers to pick from * string of amino acids (AAs) = peptide or polypeptide polypeptide folded and coiled into a specific conformation = protein * sometimes 2 or more peptide chains (subunits) combine to form mature, functional protein Amino Acid Structure AAs are ionized under physiological conditions ionization increases solubililty, facilitates interactions with each other and other solutes, increases reactivity (zwitterions) 7 non-ionized ionized R group unique to each AA oxygens tend to pull electrons away, making it easy to lose proton gains a proton Amino Acid Side Chains – R Groups: * nonpolar – hydrophobic R groups no charged or electronegative atoms to form H bonds * insoluble in water * R groups bury themselves with the peptide chain to ‘hide’ from water * polar side chains – soluble in water * uncharged – but partial charges can form H-bonds * charged – gr oups containing acids or bases – highly soluble in water AA are linked together by covalent peptide bonds: carbon from carboxyl group is linked to N terminus of amino group. R groups and central C’s do not participate in the bond. Condensation Reaction – making the chain Hydrolysis – breaking the chain Polypeptide chain: side chains extend from peptide-bonded backbone * chain is flexible – can rotate at single bonds on either side of peptide bonds * so side chains are not all projecting to one side! * chains can be from 2-3 to thousands of AAs in length * backbone is directional, convention is to number AA ‘residues’ starting at N terminus this is the primary sequence Sickle Cell Anemia – disease in which red blood cells are abnormally shaped. Caused by single point mutation which results in substitution of single amino acid in one chain of hemoglobin protein Protein Structure:Primary Structure – unique sequence of amino acids Secondary Structure – Folding into elements of structure, hydrogen bonding between amino acids(R groups not involved). 2 shapes: alpha helix and beta pleated sheet(parallel and antiparallel). * learn more Tertiary Structure- interactions of elements of secondary structure forming a global fold, folded into these unique shapes by ionic bonds (electrostatic),hydrogen bonds, disulphide bridges, hydrophobic interaction, van der waals – dipole-dipole(all non-covalent except for S-S). Order of amino acids determines final shape.Maintain globular shape even if very weak. Quaternary Structure – more than one polypeptide chain put together to form the final functional protein, linked by covalent and non-covalent interactions. Protein Domain – segment of polypeptide that forms a compact, stable and independently folding structure. Often the building blocks for larger, more complex proteins. Disulfide bonds * covalent stabilization of protein structure found i n secreted proteins (destined for a more hostile extracellular environment) * formed in ER (oxidizing environment)Once folded, do proteins ever unfold? changes in physical or chemical conditions (pH, salt concentration, temperature) disruption of H-bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, etc that maintain the protein’s shape protein ‘denatures’ or unfolds Possible to renature Do proteins ever fold incorrectly? any mutation that leads to a missing or incorrect amino acid can lead to incorrectly folded protein WHY 32 Possible outcomes: mutation – leads to incorrectly folded protein * protein never functions properly loss of function protein folds properly at first but unfolds under certain conditions eventually loss of function * protein misfolds AND is deposited in insoluble aggregates within cell * loss of function and disruption of other aspects of cell activity * many human diseases now known to be associated with misfolded proteins . Alzheimers, cystic f ibrosis, type II diabetes, retinitis pigmentosa, Parkinsons, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, some cancers *read about catalysts and enzymes in Janelle’s notes, page 8-9 Nucleic Acids: Information Polymers * deoxy ribo nucleic acid (DNA) sequence of subunits in DNA polymer directs RNA synthesis * ribo nucleic acid (RNA) * RNA directs ordering of AAs in a peptide chain * information stored as DNA sequences enables living organisms to pass on hereditary information * also allows each cell to pass on hereditary information to the next generation of cells Monomers of Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribo nucleotides – phosphate + deoxyribose + nitrogenous base(A,C, G, or T) Ribo nucleotides – phosphate + ribose + base (A,C,G, or U) Nucleic acids are linear (unbranched) polymers of nucleotides * each nucleotide consists of three parts: * a nitrogenous base a (5-carbon) pentose sugar * a phosphate group Purines = A&GPyramidines= C,T and U * Ribose + base = nucleoside * Ribose + base + phosphate = nucleotide Functions of Nucleotides * monomeric units of RNA and DNA * important signal molecules within cells * cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) * important agents in energy transfer reactions * cleave off phosphate group to release stored energy * act as coenzymes – organic non-protein molecules required for enzyme function * usually adenine-containing nucleotides combined with B vitamins 8 condensation reaction 5’ end – beginning of chain. Chains always built 5’ 3’.Look at above example phosphate group is 5’ 3’ end – where new bases can be added Polymerization rxn’s are endergonic: * making phosphodiester bonds requires energy * energy comes from addition of 2 phosphate groups. * Activated nucleotides = nucleotide triphophates The most famous phosphorylated nucleotide †¦ adenosine triphosphate = ATP 11 adenine 4’ 5’ 5 6 1 2 3 9 4 8 7 1’ 3’ 2’ O P CH2 O O O– P O O O– P O –O O– OH OH O NH2 N N N N ribose adenine + ribose (= adenosine) Secondary Structure of DNA: two strands of DNA align in ‘antiparallel’ arrangement with bases facing inwards. H-bonds form between bases. P P P P P P P P C C G G AA T T P O O O O O O O O O O O C G OH P Note: 3 H-bonds between C and G, 2 between A and T. Only space in the sugar phosphate backbone is for Pyramidine and Purine to bond together. Features of DNA Double Helix * stabilized by H-bonds between complementary bases and hydrophobic interactions between bases * entire molecule water-soluble because charged phosphates backbone face outward * major and minor grooves are significant in regulation of gene transcription Higher Order DNA Structure: DNA molecules can adopt higher order structure – Allows for compact packaging and strict regulation of gene expression RNA vs DNA like DNA: sugar-phosphate backbone covalently linked by phosphodiester bonds * 4 different bases unl ike DNA: * uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) * pairing is A-U, C-G * sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose * hydroxyl group makes ribose much more reactive * RNA is much less stable than DNA Secondary Structure of RNA: like DNA: * H-bonds form between complementary base pairs unlike DNA: * most of the time, this base-pairing is between bases on the same strand * leads to formation of ‘stem and loop’ structures with single-stranded regions and double-stranded antiparallel regions * H-bonding is spontaneous, stabilizes the molecule final molecule is single-stranded * Complex folds can result in some RNA having catalytic activity Carbohydrates * Group of molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio: (CH2O)n Only monomers are in this ratio, oligomers you lose water * Monomer=monosaccharide * Dimer=disaccharide * Trimer=trisaccharide/oligosaccharide Types: 1. Monosaccharides – simple sugars 2. Oligosaccharides – small chains (oligo=few) * Attached to proteins – glycoproteins * Attached to lipids – glycolipids 3. Polysaccharides – very long sugar chains Typical Structural Features of Sugar Monomers: carbonyl group (either ketone or aldehyde) * lots of -OH groups * vary in length of carbon skeleton (C3, C5, C6, †¦) – triose, pentose, hexose * isomeric forms (glucose, fructose, galactose) * identical chemical groups arranged differently * monosaccharides often form rings in solution Isomers – same atoms, different arrangements structural isomer – identical groups but bonded to different carbons stereo (optical) isomer – identical groups bonded to same carbons but in different orientations sixteen different hexose structures possible, all with formula C6H12O6 C OH C OH OH H C OH H HO C H C O H C OH H H C OH H C OH H C OH H HO C H H C OH H structural isomer stereo- isomer H C C O HO C H H C OH H C OH H HO C H H C OH H fructose glucose galactose *arrangement of hydrox yl groups make a big difference in biological function Disaccharide – 2 sugar monomer: * glucose + fructose = sucrose(table sugar) * glucose + lactose = lactose * glucose + glucose = maltose Formation of disaccharides by condensation reactions. monomers are linked when C1 of one monosaccharide binds to a C on another – often C4 geometry of bond different depending on hether OH group of C1 is in ? or ? position which C of other sugar is involved in linkage 7 C1, ? C4 ?-glucose ?-glucose maltose, ? -1,4 glycosidic bond ?-galactose ?-glucose lactose, ? -1,4 glycosidic bond (glucose has flipped over) C1, ? C4 Polymerization to build Polysaccharides starch both are storage forms for energy starch – plants; glycogen – animals both consist of ? -glucose monomers linked by ? -1,4 bonds both coil into a helix (due to geometry of linkages) starch is mixture of unbranched amylose and branched amylopectin glycogen is highly branched lycogen Structural Polysaccharide in Plants: Cellulose 9 polymer of ? -glucose, joined by ? -1,4 linkages each glucose is flipped relative to adjacent ones allows for H-bonding between adjacent strands extremely stable most abundant organic molecule on earth parallel strands joined by H-bonds Structural Polysaccharide in Animals: Chitin a component of cell walls of fungi, exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, crustaceans), radulas of molluscs, beaks of cephalopods second most abundant organic molecule on earth like cellulose, joined by ? 1,4 linkages but rather than glucose, monomer is N-acetylglucosamine like cellulose, also strengthened by H-bonding btw strands 10 Structural Polysaccharide in Bacteria: Peptidoglycan component of bacterial cell walls the most complex CHO so far! two different alternating monomers linked by ? -1,4 bonds chain of amino acids attached to one of the sugars – peptide bonds instead of H-bonds (stronger) Significance of how monosaccharides are linked: * ? -1-4 linkages of starch and glycogen readily hydrolyzed * ? 1-4 linkages in structural polysaccharides very resistant to enzymatic degradation For example: enzymes that digest cellulose (cellulase) produced only by certain classes of bacteria, fungi and protozoa Difference between glycosidic bonds from peptide and phosphodiester bonds: in common: * condensation reactions different: * peptide and phosphodiester bonds always occur at the same position within their monomers * each sugar monomer has several hydroxyl groups, and geometry of glycosidic bonds is highly variable Functions of Carbohydrates: Structural: * cellulose, chitin and peptidoglycanCell-cell recognition: * membrane proteins covalently bonded to oligosaccharides Energy Storage * ? -1,4 –linkages of starch and glycogen are readily hydrolyzed to release stored energy Lipids * group of carbon-containing compounds that are largely non-polar / hydrophobic * significant proportion of a given lipid molecule is hydrocarbon * the only macromolecul e that is not a polymer major groups of lipids in cells: * fats / oils – energy storage * sterols * cholesterol – membrane component * steroids – hormones * * Phospholipids * major component of biological membranesFats (Triacylglycerols, Triglycerides) * form that fat is stores in apidose tissie * glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached * the link between glycerol and fatty acid = ester bond: condenstation rxn (liberates water) * hydrophobic * fatty acid(carboxylic acid with long hydrocarbon tail) Saturated Fatty Acid – have maximum number of hydrogen atoms on each atom; straight and flexible because of only single bonds Unsaturated Fatty Acid – contain at least 1 double bond. The double bond is rigid and creates a kink in the chain. The rest of the chain however is free to rotate about C-C bonds.Cis – H on the same side of double bond; don’t solidify easily Trans – H on the opposite side of the double bond. Hydrogenation – making a fat saturated/more solid at room temperature to improve shelf life therefore less healthy. Sterols – group of steroids based on cholesterol(important component of cell membrane) Phospholipids : * 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group(polar head group) * Amphipathic = hydrophilic and hydrophilic regions – their most important feature with respect to biology Micelles – sphere with hydrophobic tails ‘hiding’ in centre . Can only occur with relatively short tails Lipid Bilayer:Universal Structure for all Biological Membranes composition varies with: type of organism (prokaryote vs animal vs plant vs †¦) type of cell within organism (muscle, liver, sperm, egg, †¦) type of membrane within cell (plasma membrane, Golgi, ER) inner versus outer layer different patches or ‘domains’ within a particular membrane Fig 11-4 two closely apposed sheets of lipids, studded with proteins lipids serve as permeability barrier protei ns perform most of the functions carbohydrates (sugars) attached to protein and lipids in a non-random manner *all membrane lipids are amphipathic Lipid bilayers form spontaneously: hydrophobic molecules would exclude water, clustering together to minimize energy cost of organizing water molecules * form large droplets or surface film * amphipathic molecules are subject to conflicting forces * solved by formation of bilayer * energetically most favourable stable, spontaneous * lipid bilayers are †¦ * closed – no free edges * self-sealing * important feature for cell fusion, budding, locomotion Fluid Mosaic Model * The plasma membrane is described to be fluid because of its hydrophobic integral components such as lipids and membrane proteins that move laterally or sideways throughout the membrane.That means the membrane is not solid, but more like a ‘fluid'. * phospholipids are constantly moving spinning in place; travelling laterally within ‘leaflet’ * phospholipids are occasionally ‘flipped’ to the opposite leaflet during membrane synthesis but they rarely ‘flop’ back * even proteins cruise slowly through the membrane! Membrane fluidity – how easily lipid molecules move within a membrane leaflet Alignment of phospholipid tails * tightly packed tails membrane more viscous, less fluid * freely moving tails higher fluidity What aspects of phospholipid composition influence this? length of fatty acids * from 14-24 carbons, 18-20 carbons most common * degree of saturation of fatty acids # double bonds * typically one saturated fatty acid and one with one or more double bonds Cholesterol: * under physiological conditions, cholesterol makes membrane stiffer – less fluid * cholesterol can make up to 50% of plasma membrane lipid in some animal cells Regulation of Membrane Fluidity: – fluid state must be maintained for normal cell function strategies for maintaining membrane fluidity: * chang e composition of membranes * alter phospholipids desaturate fatty acids (to deal with cold) eg cold water vs warm water fish * change length of FA chains (yeast, bacteria) * adjust amounts of cholesterol (animals) these mechanisms have been demonstrated in: * pond fish dealing with dramatic day / night temp differences * cold-resistant plants * extremophile bacteria living in hot springs * winter wheat preparing for autumn ^ polyunsaturated FAs * sperm reduce their cholesterol just before fertilization †¦ Functions of Lipids: * storage of chemical energy * signal molecules * vitamins * wax coating on leaves * biological membranes

Hybrid vs Conventional Vehicles Essay

Today’s universe is a universe where everyone has to be someplace at a certain clip. This means you normally have to go to acquire at that place. What I normally do to acquire someplace is to acquire in my truck and thrust at that place myself in my conventional truck. There are many obstructions that I run into when I have to drive though. Gas. energy. and the air pollution my truck causes are merely some of the jobs with this. A intercrossed vehicle would assist me out with all of these jobs. I think that intercrossed vehicles are much more efficient and have manner more positives than a conventional auto. Whenever you think about driving. what is the 1 most of import thing that comes to mind? For me. I would hold to state that gasolene is the biggest factor on whether I am able thrust someplace or non. The job with gasolene these yearss are the high monetary values ( Anderson ) . If you had a loanblend. this would non be as large of a job with a conventional auto. A batch of my gas gets wasted from holding to halt and travel in traffic and pressing the gas to acquire my engine up to the flow of traffic or up to the velocity bound. In a intercrossed auto. the engine shuts off temporarily when you are stopped in traffic in order to salvage your gas and non do you blow as much ( Anderson ) . There is no manner that you could make this with a conventional auto. This is a large positive for intercrossed autos in my sentiment. The engine temporarily closing off besides helps to salvage on energy. which is my following chief point. Conventional autos and intercrossed autos are two different things when it comes to energy. Conventional autos work by utilizing an engine and gasolene to run the vehicle. Hybrid autos are much more efficient when energy comes into drama though. There are two types of intercrossed autos that work in different ways ( Powers ) . Parallel intercrossed autos are the first type. These types use both a fuel armored combat vehicle with gasolene and a set of batteries in which both the electric motor and the engine can turn the transmittal at the same clip ( Powers ) . Series intercrossed autos are the 2nd type. In this type. the gasolene engine turns a generator and the generator either charges the batteries or powers the electric motor that is used to turn the transmittal. The electric motor gets its power from the battery but it ne'er loses all of its energy ( Powers ) . You are likely inquiring how that is. This is a technique known as regenerative braking. Regenerative braking is the recapturing of energy ( Powers ) . These intercrossed autos besides have another manner of ne'er running out of energy. The battery can besides be recharged by power from the gas engine ( Powers ) . My last point that I wanted to convey up is the air pollution factor. Air pollution is a large job in the universe today ( Garcia ) . There are many pollutants that are emitted from motor vehicles such as C dioxide. N oxides. volatile organic compounds. C monoxide. hydrocarbons. and sulfur oxides ( Garcia ) . These pollutants could impact your visibleness and your wellness every bit good ( Garcia ) . This is a really good ground to do the passage from conventional vehicles to intercrossed vehicles entirely. Why would you utilize a conventional auto. which produces many types of pollutants. over a intercrossed auto which produces barely any pollutants at all ( Garcia ) ? We would assist the environment and assist many different people out with pollution if we all choose to do the passage from conventional to hybrid. So all in all. I think you could see why holding a intercrossed auto would be more utile than holding a conventional auto. Of class we have all gotten used to driving our ain conventional autos. and we have all gotten used to traveling about and acquiring gas and normally holding to pay excessively much for it. ground being to why we should all do the passage over to the intercrossed autos. They are more efficient. less money consuming in the long tally. aid cut down on the air pollution that conventional autos put out. and should get down acquiring cheaper one time more people start change overing over to the loanblend. I think that everyone can see with all of these solutions and all of these positives that the intercrossed autos are traveling to take over more Oklahomans than subsequently. Works Cited Nice. Karim. and Julia Layton. â€Å"How Hybrid Cars Work† 20 July 2000. n. d. 16 July 2012. Garcia. Jorge. â€Å"Air Quality: Vehicle Emissions and Air Quality. † 18 Oct. 2006. Idaho Department of Environmental Quality. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. deq. province. Idaho. us/air/prog_issues/pollutants/vehicles. cfm ( 18 Oct. 2006 )

Review of a cotemporary film feat. black people or a prominent Black Essay - 1

Review of a cotemporary film feat. black people or a prominent Black performer - Essay Example Coming from a family who holds great pride in being black and prominent, Kenya is picky with her men and very much single. At the start of the movie, being â€Å"all that† yet single is starting to get to her. She finally agrees after much persuasion from her friends to go out on her very first blind date, and as if this were not uncomfortable enough, she enters Starbucks to find her date good-looking—and very much white. She goes jittery all of sudden doing small talk to strangers of the same skin color. Is it guilt? Is it fear of public judgment? Whatever it is, it is significantly beyond surprise. She dumps her Caucasian blind date, Brian Kelly (Simon Baker), in record time. But as fate would have it, they meet again at a common friend’s engagement party and he ends up being her landscape architect. The movie shows Kenya as highly professional, impeccably organized, admirably devoted to work. In other words, she is horribly uptight. Brian is unlike Kenya as much in personality as in color. He is accomplished but rugged, direct but sweet, dependable but spontaneous. After some Saturdays and despite much resistance, they fall in love and it seems although he has exactly what she needed—warmth and spontaneity. She takes out the weave that straightens her hair, and wears her natural curls. Soon her garden comes to life, and so does the rest of her house. Kenya repaints her house essentially getting rid of more than just the original â€Å"safe† color beige. She gets rid of her stops, and in the words of her brother (Donald Faison), she starts â€Å"dating white men.† Although much of Kenya has changed, some of the deeply-rooted sensibilities remain. Happy as she is, dating out of her race makes her publicly uncomfortably, and the rest of her friends and family are not making it any easier. The movie shows Brian to be more nonchalant about the situation or perhaps more patient

Managing across cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing across cultures - Essay Example DR Geert Hofstede, a psychologist identified four distinct cultural dimensions that served to differentiate one culture from another. Later on in his study he added the fifth one. The five dimensions of culture that Hofstede distinguished include (Aaldering 2010): Power/distance: this is initially the degree of inequality that is present and is accepted among people with or without power. The score that one gets points that society accepts an unequal distribution of power and people in the system. Whereas a low score indicates that the power is shared and well dispersed. For example in a high PD country like Malaysia an organization would send reports only to the top hierarchy management with the involvement of few high level managers. Individualism (IDV). This indicates the strong ties between individuals. The following diagram shows how it works : Characteristics Tips High IDV High Valuation on peoples time and their need for freedom. An enjoyment of challenges, and an expectation of rewards for hard work. Respect for privacy. Acknowledge accomplishments. Don’t ask for too much personal information. Encourage debate and expression of own ideas. Low IDV Emphasis on building skills and becoming masters of something. Work for intrinsic rewards. Harmony more important than honesty. Show respect for age and wisdom. Suppress feelings and emotions to work in harmony. Respect traditions and introduce change slowly. Masculinity (MAS). This actually talks about how much the organization looks at the traditional values of male and female. In today’s world one could clearly see how men and female are treated with equal opportunities. Uncertainty/ A voidance index (UAI). This is basically the degree of anxiety that the members of an organization or a society feel when there situations are unknown or uncertain. Long Term Orientation (LTO). This talks about how much society put value in the long term standing- as opposed to short term traditions and values Thi s article basically talked about the five basic dimensions and how these could be used in order to meet the needs of individuals working with different culture employees. Trompenaars four diversity culture: Another culturalist Trompenaars along with Hampden-Turner came with other cultural factors that talk about these few points on how to face the cultural differences in the organization. The article ‘Cultural frame of reference’, (Jeurissen 2007) talks about universalism vs. particularism which generally talks about how an organization can find and work on the general rules instead of forcing on the existing rules and demotivating the entire team. It also talks about analyzing vs. integrating which is decomposing to find the details and integrating to bring all those things together in order to have a big picture to understand better. Individualism vs. communitarianism is where the individual’s rights are put forward along with the rights of the whole group or t eam. Another one that Trompenaar talks about is inner directed vs. outer directed. This is where the assumption is made that thinking is the most powerful tool to approach an idea. And then seeking the data in the outer world or in other words to be optimistic. This article basically just talks about how looking at a thing , analyzing it and then giving it a status changes the way we look at things and culture differences are the same thing. One should be

Moral Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Moral Management - Research Paper Example This paper discuses the concept of moral management in the current business world. Vogel (2005: 51) argues that the objective of management â€Å"is to offer direction, develop commitment, facilitate change and achieve results through creative, effective and responsible use of people and other resources†. Morals on the other hand deal with personal or organizational behavior or a belief regarding what is acceptable or not suitable to do or engage in. In this case, moral management in business organizations and in the society entails the deliberate engagement of people to perform particular tasks that are morally acceptable in the organization. Morals and ethical standing of an organization determines how the public perceives it (Vogel, 2005). For long period, the public gauges the moral standards of an organization using honesty and ethical elements of its management. In this regard, businesspersons are ranked differently depending of there area of specialization or engagement . Aguilar (1994) lists several business professionals that have consistently been ranked low by the public in the last four decades. These include stockbrokers, contractors, car salespersons, advertisement practitioners, insurance agents in addition to real estate agents. The moral and ethical standings of the practitioners who engage in these lines of business in the public view have lower ethical standings compared with other professions including teaching or medicine. Irrespective of the line of the business, that a person or an organization is engaged in, it is important to entrench pragmatic moral practices in order to gain public confidence in the organization that would in turn enhance its performance. In the current competitive and challenging business environment, Baron (2001) notes that customers are more aware of their rights and loyalty to a particular brand or an organization is not enough to maintain them. In view of the current highly globalized world, the issue of bu siness ethics and morality is no longer confined in a particular geographical region. The widespread application of information technology, World Wide Web, electronic commerce, in addition to social networking sites have suddenly exposed small and large enterprises to global scrutiny and this trend underlies the importance of moral management. Similarly, the emerging technology in other aspects of human existence, such as medicine and biotechnology continues to elicit many ethical and moral issues in respect to their application, regardless of the benefits that they offer to humanity. To address these issues in view of globalization and developing technologies, it is important to look at the enduring management practices, their challenges in the business environment and how they need to change to address the merging business moral management issues. In this regard, it is important to investigate moral, immoral and amoral management in order to make a clear distinction among them. Ba ron (2001) argues that immoral management established the foundation of the business ethics discipline. According to Brekke and Karine (2003), unethical and immoral practices in an organization are identical. In this regard, they define immoral management as an organizational practice that not only lacks ethical principles but also in opposition to what is just or right. Therefore, immoral management

Microorganism in food industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Microorganism in food industry - Research Paper Example Understanding these will possibly lead to much of the food production processes becoming shorter and less time consuming and will lead to less waste being produced. Some examples of foods that are produced using microorganisms include wine, cheese and bread. This paper will attempt to take a look at the microorganisms used in each of these foods and attempt to explain some of the mechanisms they utilise to achieve the result that humans desire. Winemaking Yeast in Wine Wine is a popular beverage where microorganisms play an important part. Wine has been consumed by humans for thousands of years (Okamura et al,1596) and the exact science of the wine making process is still being decoded. The quality of a wine is determined by whether the taste of that wine is original, the finesse, intensity of taste and by the microbiological and physicochemical stability (Dubourdieu, 1986; Noble, 1988; Rapp and Mandery, 1986; Schreier, 1979 of Colagrande, Silva and Fumi, 2) (Refer fig1). The microbi ology behind the wine making process was only established less than 2 centuries ago by the work of Louis Pasteur (Bakalinsky and Penner, 1993 from Okamura et al,1596, Colagrande, Silva and Fumi,2). Yeasts are used extensively in wine making. There are approximately 700 species of yeast and sixteen of these species have been used in the process of making wine. These include Brettanomyces, Dekkera, Candida, Cryptococcus, Debaryomyces, Hanseniaspora, Kloeckera, Kluyveromyces, Metschnikowia, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Saccharomycodes, Schizosaccharomyces, Torulaspora and Zygosaccharomyces (Pretorius et al, 1999 of Swiegers et al, 142). Saccharomyces cerevisae is one of the most commonly used organisms for producing wine though other such as Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes and Agaricus blazei have recently been exploited (Okamura et al, 1596). A specific variety of grape can be exploited to produce some qualities of wines such as the distinctive smell (Dubourdieu 2000, Lambrechts and Pretorius 2000, Guth and Sies 2002, Swiegers and Pretorius 2005 of Swiegers et al, 142). Some of these distinctive volatile compounds which cause properties of a wine like smell arise from grapes. However, several are due to the action of yeast and bacteria during the production of wine. Taste is also greatly affected by the bacteria and yeast used during wine (Schreier, 1979; Simpson, 1979; Williams et al, 1989; Etievant 1991, Guth, 1998; Boulton et al, 1998; Rapp,1998; Dubourdieu, 2000; Ferreira et al, 2000; Lambrechts and Pretorius, 2000; Ribereau-Gayon et al, 2000a,b; Ortega et al, 2001; Guth and Sies, 2002 of Swiegers et al, 141). Grapes can only support the proliferation of few microorganisms (Henschke, 1997 of Swiegers et al, 142). This has been attributed mainly due to the selective pressure on the microorganisms due to the high content of sugar and the low pH of grape (Swiegers et al, 142). In addition, sulphur dioxide is usually added to the mixture during wine making and this adds even more selectivity to the microorganisms that can grow. Usually, oxidative microorganisms that may be harmful are limited due to the sulphur dioxide (Swiegers et al, 142). Once anaerobic conditions start to predominate during the winemaking process, even more microorganisms find the conditions unfavourable for growth and the production of ethanol further limits the types of microorganisms th

HCM477-0802A-01 Finance in Health Care - Phase 2 Discussion Board 2 Essay

HCM477-0802A-01 Finance in Health Care - Phase 2 Discussion Board 2 - Essay Example Departmental budgets are pieces of budgets that individuals and/or groups (departments) of an organization are responsible for (Oliver 2000). Total facilities budget, on the other hand, is the total, final budget prepared by an organization chairperson. Clearly, the relationship between them is that departmental budgets are parts of the total facilities budget. That is, the total facilities budget is made up of the departmental budgets; hence, it is dependent on them. The business transactions that take place in an organizational budget are all expected income and expected expenses for the year. The first one is reported as budget income transactions and the second as budget expense transactions. Furthermore, the start of year Class balances are identified and accounted for as an accessible source of income. Therefore, the budget formula is: The three stages involved in preparing a total budget are: (1) Budget Preparation (2) Budget Execution and (3) Budget Evaluation. The first one requires program and budget planning and funds procurement. The decisions, therefore, that need to be made at this stage involves how to estimate costs, where to get funds from, communicating with members of the organization so as to make planning effective, etc. The second stage engages in fiscal management so decision problems that could affect the relationship between departmental budgets and total facility budgets could be how to locate internal funds, whether projection of variances by the departments were right, whether management of cash flow was effective. Lastly, the third stage requires budget cycling and performance assessments and audits. The decision problems here could be about reporting to external constituencies, maybe program re-planning or continuing with the budget. (http://www.socwel.ku.edu/marke//Total%20Budgeting.ppt). Each department is responsible for managing within the constraints of the fiscal year. Each departmental budget

Evolution of the internet and the impacts on travel agencies Assignment

Evolution of the internet and the impacts on travel agencies - Assignment Example In the essay "Evolution of the Internet and the impacts on Travel Agencies" outlines how Internet changed the way how travel agencies work. For instance, now customers can directly access the internet sites and can book the tickets within a quick period of time. There are several negative impacts of the evolution of information technology on the travel agencies too. Third party cost is the major business barrier of several airlines, hotels, and restaurants. Therefore, the organizations had to pay a commission rate to these travel agents. These activities automatically increase the business operation cost. Nowadays, people can book their tickets on their own through online networking sites without any kind of help of third parties. The implementation of online strategies helped the organizations and customers in several ways. It can reduce the business operation cost for the organizations. The travel agents can get, store and provide a large number of data and information. On the other hand, implementation of online ticketing strategies helps the organizations to reduce third-party booking costs so that they can provide low fare tickets to the customers. People of several developed countries generally prefer online booking of tickets and leisure facilities. It is true that US is technologically developed country. Recent financial crisis and economic recession affected the global economic environment. Low disposable income of people and limited purchasing power are the major consequences of this economic slowdown. Earlier, during the Brick-and-mortar age organizations had to effectively rely upon the third party business partners in order to increase their sales margin. On the other hand, customers also had to depend upon these third party individuals to book

Brain on Ted Radio Hour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Brain on Ted Radio Hour - Assignment Example fine beaches and very beautiful scenery at their home areas, but they would still prefer to go holidaying in Hawai due to the perceived value and fame associated with the brand. Most ladies, fashionistas and stores believe that certain clothing brands such as Prada are quality hence they should be expensive. Despite having another brand with the same type of material, the history of Prada and certain designs still gets them associated with class and common amongst celebrities and the rich. In conclusion, I agree with the speaker that our beliefs determine our response to products. Such beliefs are what give a brand the value it receives in the market and lays the foundation that becomes the history upon which it is evaluated in future. I base my agreement with the speaker on the fact that the human brain mostly relates quality with what is trending or common rather than the utility of the product. This is proven by the common occurrence that whatever is expensive is always perceived to be of

Art Therapy Essay Example for Free

Art Therapy Essay I. Introduction, History, and Problem Art speaks of originality, individuality, a creative process, graphic materials, colors, textures, spontaneity, risk, alternatives, and imagination†¦ Therapy implies taking care of, waiting, listening, healing, moving towards wholeness, growth provoking medicine, human exchange, sympathetic understanding† (Fleshman and Fryrear, 1981, p.75), quoting from a research paper of Dr. Carol Lark of The Art Center in Missouri. So what then truly is Art Therapy? Art therapy is a form of psychological therapy that employs artistic media, not verbal communication, as its principal means of communication to help and cure patients, who are suffering from traumatic experiences, mental or physical problems, and behavioral imbalance. Art media includes painting or drawing, photo image, sculpture, clay art, color art and other forms that showcase their feelings, moods, and maybe even show hidden talents or abilities that they are not aware of. But clients who are in need of this therapy do not have to be skilled in the arts, for the main concern is not the aesthetics of the creation but to cause change and growth in the life of the client. Art therapy is a procedure administered by an art therapist in a designated art therapy room to bring about a successful result of the practice. The art therapist is a highly-trained and experienced professional whose skills are tested by a patient in a complex and difficult task to improve his/her well-being. They are well educated about human nature and development, psychological theories, clinical practice, spiritual, multicultural and artistic language and traditions, and the healing probabilities of art. Art therapist convenes with people of all ages and social standing either in individual or group settings. The art therapy room or â€Å"creative arena† (Case, 1992, p.19) is the place where a â€Å"triangular relationship† (Case, 1992, p.19) is formed by the art work created, the patient or client, and the therapist. This kind of relationship is what makes art therapy different form other clinical practices of therapy. This arena is expected to be a place of security and of peace so that the right therapeutic process is administered thoroughly and far better results are achieved. Art therapy was first coined by an artist named Adrian Hill who was practicing it with his tuberculosis patients at the King Edward VII Sanatorium in Sussex to recover from their illness. In its formative years in the United States, from the early 1930s through the middle 1950s, art therapy was practiced by fine artists and art educators in medical, psychiatric and educational centers and facilities. Although the first post was established in 1946, early stages of the profession of art therapy were seen in the 1950s. There were debates and discussions whether it is to be considered a profession or an acceptable mode of therapy in psychology. Through the other disciplines, these are psychology, sociology, anthropology, physiology, aesthetics, and education, it later became known as a profession and was officially recognized in the health service in 1981. It became extensively distinguished from then on and is continuously expanding. Since art therapy is practiced by different therapists, it is rather a diverse career or clinical practice. However, despite the diversity of work, I believe that art therapy improves/changes attitude of people who have psychological problems. II. Function/Significance of Research This research is designed to further address the argument within this kind of profession: whether it is the art creation itself that serves as a healing mediator, whether it is the existence of the therapist that uplifts the distraught, whether it is the art therapy place that serves as a temporary haven, or is it the overall components of art therapy-the art, the therapist, and the therapy room- working together as a team to improve the condition of the patient. It aims to present an understanding of art therapy as an effective psychotherapeutic approach to patients and give them an idea of the progress of this clinical practice. The discussion in the rationale page is an extensive talk about the real claims of art therapy as a healing process to psychologically-impaired individuals. It talks about the factors that comprise a sound art therapy session and the affirmation seen by therapists on their clients after the artistic experience is explored. This paper intends to introduce to the readers both the theory, applications, and practices of art therapy and gives them the imagination to discover the value of it through different work settings. There is also the attempt to summarize the most important points and features of this kind of practice for understanding of new readers to this field. Although, the foremost objective of this paper is to make people believe what they think is unbelievable in the arts and its purpose. To let them realize that healing is not just a personal struggle if you let other people come into your life and show you the way to personal redemption. III. Rationale (explore the hypothesis) When Hill started to practice art therapy, he discovered that painting has two purposes for the patient: it became a way to kill the time and it also provided them a medium to release anxiety and trauma. Even in the most serious or aggravating situations in our lives, through artistic expressions we experience a sense of power and liberation; our dignity and self-respect are stimulated by this creative activity as opposed to those who say that creative expression is a shallow approach to good health and well-being. History shows that self-repair and total transformation is achieved through the dominant force of art expression. Victims of disaster, tragedy, despair, or the daily dangers of life respond to these kinds of cases with affirmations of care and love for each other due to the healing process of art therapy conducted in peaceful and safe places of free expression. Take for example the case of 9/11 terrorist attacks. During their time of grief, people gathered together to release the negative emotions and commemorate the loss of their loved ones. Despite the hatred and anger, compassion among them superseded everything. Within the area of attacks, people offered flowers, prayers, songs, and presented memorabilia such as drawings, sketches, photo images of the victims. These are true examples of artistic expression, both the verbal and nonverbal medium that help the families and friends of the victims overcome the pain and trauma of losing a loved one. â€Å"Psychological safety is a primary element of the healing environment† (Kalmanowitz, 2005, p.xiv) because they are afraid to reveal themselves in places where they believe their artworks and actions will be misunderstood and shamed. In this tragedy, even though the towers were the targets of attacks, these people felt secure expressing their grief because mainly of the overflow of emotions encompassing the area. They felt that it was okay to pour out their pain, and they were not alone. Volunteer groups, either professional or non-professional clinicians, stood by them and comforted the down-trodden. But the process did not end there because survivors were involved in support group therapy that uses art as the basis of healing. Any creation or image presented by the client signifies an emotion or thought, even the past, present, or future phases of his/her life. Inner experience and feelings surface through the art process in a chaotic raw form. These art materials provide a concrete way through which the conscious and unconscious aspects of a person can be revealed. Art or expressive therapy grants an opportunity for the individual to discern the bad habits that generate conflicts within himself and conflicts with other people. â€Å"Making the invisible visible is a major function of the art in art therapy† (Lark, 2001, p.1). The object appears to the therapist as an extension of the client’s self with a symbolic meaning yet to be understood by both of them. The object or image is telling us a story. It opens opportunities to enter and read the human psyche. The making of an artwork encourages discipline and self-esteem, and requires socialization within the confinements of the therapeutic sessions. The judgment and comprehension of the therapist is based on how the object is made and what art materials are used to complete the image. Therapists are expected to learn the underlying meanings of it since this was part of their education and practice. Therapists are expected to be sensitive people on matters of sensitivity of the client’s mind and soul. Let’s take another example designed by art therapy practitioners. The â€Å"House-Tree-Person technique† (Hammer, 1964, p.9) is one of the popular and widely-used psychoanalytic tasks used as an approach in art therapy. The House-Tree-Person technique requires the client to draw a house, a tree and a person on a white paper. This drawing or image evaluates how the client sees himself or herself in the world through the comprehension of the therapist. The branches of the Tree overextended upward or outward are interpreted by the therapist as the subject’s over striving for success. Windows situated against the wall of the House, so the side of the House also serves as one side of the windows, represent feelings of lack of self-confidence. If in profile view, only one part of the person-for example, head or body- is shown, an elusive attitude in social affairs is projected. For deeply depressed patients, lack of complete details and use of very faint lines are a combination found in their works. A feeling of isolation, exposure, and helplessness in the face of environmental pressures is, on the other hand, seen in a line sloping downwards and away from the drawn whole. Meanwhile, art therapy with individual clients and groups should also be considered as to the client’s presentation of his art. Individual client setting is requested when he/she feels more comfortable in creative expression if it is a direct one on one approach. Group therapy setting is rather joined by an individual if she feels profited by another person’s warmth and physical closeness, which is based on the philosophy that man is a social being. However, group clients still break away from each other at some points and that has to be understood and patiently addressed by the therapist. IV. Methodology of Research The methodology of research I used is mainly through the inductive technique or the collection of data and evaluation of results. Definition, background, historical context and other useful data were collated from resource books on art therapy and from the suppositions of clinical practitioners of art therapy. Data collected were also taken from some research and background academic papers of art therapy professionals. The case sample on the 9/11 attacks were based on newspaper and television accounts, audio-visual and printed memories and notes of the tragedy by journalists. The concrete sample of House-Tree-Person technique was taken from an author’s description. Most research details were gathered from the books and resource papers of authors Lark, Case, Kalmanowitz, and Hammer, carefully examined and understood. Although interviews were not taken, personal notes of motivation and daily observation on people around were also bases on this research. Motivational quotations were also extracted from the resources to define the drama of the whole healing process. V. Conclusion of Research Art therapy can be used with children, adolescents and adults in a wide variety of settings and applications. As an integrative therapy, it offers a necessary option for clients who may need an experiential, less verbally-driven approach. People in all walks of life turn to creative expressions, some may not even be aware that they are already exposed to this activity, because of the lack of knowledge and help from professionals. There are national organizations in and outside America looking after the improvement or development of standards and training in art therapies. One is seen in private offices or corporations, outpatient clinics and hospitals, community and rehabilitation centers, prisons, and schools or universities. They work with individual or group to paint, draw, or do other artwork and derive the importance of imagery used in their creations. These professionals and organizations work hand in hand with each other to bring about a better quality of service in art therapy for their craft and for the benefit of their clients. It has to be realized by the people around psychologically-problematic cases that healing does not only come from the successful art therapy sessions, but their support also contributes to the whole process that they want to achieve for themselves or for other people. Lest they forget that some of the causes of their depression, stress, trauma, and tensions come from their family and society. The successful interpretation of the art object by the therapist, the willingness of the client to open up to the therapist and to other people as well, the comfortable and secure setting of the therapy room, and the artwork itself be it aesthetically balanced or not, all of these components of art therapy are relevant to the client’s well being. The absence of one component means the incomplete and ineffective process of art therapy. Kalmanowitz (2005) also believed that â€Å"the healing qualities of art relate to the total spectrum of the soul’s experience and that art therapy’s relevance is dependent upon its willingness to meet new challenges and go to places where troubles in the human condition exist† (p.xii). Friedrich Nietzsche also once said that unless we deal with our pain, we are truly lost. So much has been said to validate the real nature of art therapy in personal and communal perspectives then and now. But one thing is for sure, art therapy and its relations with other disciplines will continue to develop in the future. Art therapy really changes/improves the attitude of people with psychological problems. We just have to look within ourselves and we might find the urge to help them; we have to look again within ourselves and we might find ourselves needing the therapy for our own conscious and unconscious demons tearing us apart. In these difficult times, we are everyday faced with disconcerting situations where we are left in the middle of the struggle and we do not know how to fight back. These kinds of situations when treated with neglect, thrown away in the air as if it is nothing, are the ones that are dangerous to the human psyche. Do you want to see yourself dancing in the streets naked? Can you see one of your family members killing herself or himself? Would you like to see a world of deranged men acting as beasts? That is why God created us in his own image and likeness, for us to realize that we are made human beings to love and be loved just like he did. References Case, C. and Tessa Dalley. (1992). The Handbook of Art Therapy. New York: Tavistock/Routledge. Fleshman, B. and Jerry L. Fryrear. (1981). The Arts in Therapy. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. Hammer, E. (1964). The House-Tree-Person (H-T-P) Clinical Research Manual. New York: Western Psychological Services. Hill, A. (1941). Art versus Illness. London: George Allen Unwin. Kalmanowitz, D. and Bobby Lloyd. (2005). Art Therapy and Political Violence: With Art, Without Illusion. London: Bruner-Routledge. Killick, K. and Joy Schaverien. (1997). Art, Psychotherapy and Psychosis. London: Routledge. Lark, C. (2001). Art Therapy Overview: An Informal Background Paper. Retrieved from http://www.art-therapy.com/ArtTherapyOverview.htm. Waller, D. (1993). Group Interactive Art Therapy: Its Use in Training and Treatment. London: Routledge

Intro Speech Self-Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Intro Speech Self-Evaluation Essay There was a bit of a confusion between us; she explained to me that the assignment was that we each had to write about each other and then switch papers and read it in class. This didn’t sound right to me because the way I understood the assignment was that I had to write about her and she had to write about myself. This ended up being the case since I told the professor our little situation and agreed with my explanation of the assignment. I could of improved in having better communication with my partner and emailing the professor before the due date to help us with our doubts. I also didn’t have much time to practice my speech due to a busy weekend. I only had about 2 hours on Monday night to practice in front of an audience. This led me to actually be nervous and a bit anxious over this speech, especially with the disagreeing over the actual instructions of this assignment. On my paper, it is stated that my speech was only 52 seconds which was very short compared to the 1.5 minutes that we had to achieve. For my next speech I now know that I have to slow down when speaking which is linked to having practice time especially in front of people. This assignment really made me feel a bit more comfortable with public speaking which really made me happy because it made me realize this class won’t be so hard if I really practice and follow the information in our textbook and lessons given by the professor.

Geostatistics and Advance Reservoir Modelling Essay

Geostatistics and Advance Reservoir Modelling Essay Figure 1. All models are based on equations (next page) and plotted manually in excel to show their respective behavior. Spherical model fails to proceeds as lag exceed the practical range. Modelling and Interpreting Variogram Jahanzeb Ahsan (8529193) B.Eng Petroleum Engineering Introduction There are a dozen different variogram models. Four most frequent used are: Spherical: Smooth behavior at origin and more linear. Exponential: Greater slope than spherical i.e. relates to more random variables than spherical model. Gaussian: Using only Gaussian in absence of nugget can lead to problems in Kriging. Power: Also associated with fractal models. For above equations ‘h’ shows lag distance, ‘a’ is the practical range and ‘c’ is sill. There are three basic terms in all variograms; sill, nugget and range, as shown in figure 1. Sill is the value obtained after stabilizing the experimental curve by fitting a variogram model. It signifies ‘zero’ or no correlation of our spatial data, since variogram can be imagined as an inverse of variance graph, the sill shows the maximum variance i.e. there is no distance (zero lag) between the data, hence maximum correlation (for variance). Range is said to be the maximum distance for which correlation between 2 points can exist – beyond this autocorrelation cease to working – In terms of geology vertical range is greater than horizontal range due to difference in scale, ‘geometric anisotropy’. When comparing a horizontal variogram with vertical having different sills but same range one may conclude it as a ‘zonal anisotropy’, often due to stratification and layering. Range can also varies with type of model used. Based on the m odel equation figure 1 shows a manual attempt to demonstrate Gaussian model reaches sill (range is at lag 14) before exponential model having greater range (at lag 18). Range is said to be directionally dependent if anisotropy exist – geology is more anisotropic vertically than laterally. Nugget is an unavoidable error at origin in data. No correlation in data can lead to ‘Pure Nugget’, an ideal model have zero-nugget. For ease of understanding one can term it as an inherited error e.g. from measuring instruments. Figure 1 shows a nugget of 1.7732E-06. Noise can appear due to lack of data pairs and is more prominent in directional variogram, hence they do not show overwhelming evidence of anisotropy. Pure nugget models are also known as ‘white noise’ i.e. the data shows no spatial correlation. Interpreting Experimental Variogram (figure 1) For variogram or any other geostatistical method precision and optimality increases when the data is stationary and normally distributed i.e. mean and variance does not vary considerably. High deviation from data normality and stationary can result in complications. A skewed histogram influence the durability in estimation of variogram. Similarly if theoretical sill (see figure 1) is below experimental variogram a trend in data exist, which should be removed before interpreting the experimental variogram, however this does not mean it will solve the problem – no trend in dataset, see figure 2 (b). In other words geological data like porosity, grain size and permeability often shows trend which result in negative correlation as distance increases resulting in variogram to exceed sill (not in this case). Cyclicity (geological cyclicity) also known as hole-effect is another important phenomenon variograms exhibit (purple line, see figure 1). Periodic repeated variations like facies and other physical properties yield a cyclic behavior on variogram and like in figure 1 cause the variogram to deviate (below sill in this case). Cyclicity often diminishes over increasing distance as these periodic repeated geological variations are not consistent. This hole-effect phenomenon maybe insignificant in terms of overall variance but nonetheless should be included in a variogram’s interpretation. Table 1 shows the skewness as negative, however not perfectly skewed, however one can assume it due to lack of data since our range of measurement is only 39 f.t. Table 1 concludes our data is not perfectly normally distributed, hence our variogram model and Kriging will be affected significantly. Mean 0.079937 Median 0.0805 Mode 0.0813 Standard Deviation 0.003662 Sample Variance 1.34E-05 Skewness -0.657 Range 0.0151 Minimum 0.0709 Maximum 0.086 Sum 6.315 Count 79 Kurtosis -0.1163 Depth Length of data (MD) f.t. 39 Table 1. Basic statistical analysis of data Conclusion A real variogram consist of all or combination of features such as hole-effect, sill, range, an experimental data set fitted with appropriate model. Variograms such as rodograms or modograms or relative pairwise variograms are used when simple variograms fail to detect anisotropy and range. Amount if data is a big constraint in variogram modeling such that bigger the data, more accurate model. Spherical model fail to fit when lag distance exceed the practical range (like in our case). Lack of appropriate software and manual input of model equation in excel shows an approximate guide to how spherical, exponential and Gaussian model will behave. Gaussian model gives the best fit model and least nugget effect. A trend and sparseness in data greatly degrades the authenticity of variogram. Often biased especially when modelled inaccurately. Despite having its disadvantages a variogram can be a useful tool in heterogeneity analysis; an indicator variogram which converts the values into 1s and 0s is notably useful in quantification of lithological and geological units and future predictions. Kriging interpolation technique uses variogram. References Bohling, G., 2007. In: INTRODUCTION TO GEOSTATISTICS. Boise: Boise State University, pp. 15-25. Dubrule, O., 1998. Geostatistics in Petroleum Geology. Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Emmanuel Gringarten, C. V. D., 2001. Teacher’s Aide Variogram Interpretation and Modeling. Mathematical Geology, 33(4), pp. 507-534. Fanchi, J. R., 2006. Principles of Reservoir Simulation. 3rd ed. Oxford: Elsevier B.V. Gregoire Mariethoz, J. C., 2014. Multiple-point geostatistics. 1st ed. s.l.: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Hodgetts, D. D., 2014. Geostatistics and Stochastic Reservoir Modelling. Manchester: s.n. Huihui Zhang, Y. L. R. E. L. Y. H. W. C. H. D. M. G. C., 2009. Analysis of variograms with various sample sizes from a multispectral image. Int J Agric Biol Eng , 2(4), pp. 62-69. M. J. Pyrcz, C. V. D., n.d. The Whole Story on the Hole Effect. [Online] Available at: http://ceadserv1.nku.edu/longa//mscc/boyce/gaa_pyrcz_deutsch.pdf [Accessed 9 November 2014].

Compare Sonnet 130 by Shakespeare and the Glasgow Sonnet by Essay

Compare Sonnet 130 by Shakespeare and the Glasgow Sonnet by Edwin Morgan. Poetry has many forms and styles of which it can be written and emphasised in. A sonnet is one of these forms. They mainly consist of fourteen lines, but can be set out in two different ways. One of two styles of sonnet is Elizabethan. William Shakespeare is an example of a poet and writer of this time period, and possible one of the most recognised for his work. William Shakespeare wrote an astounding 144 sonnets within his life time. The majority of these sonnets were mainly based upon love or insincere compliments. The Elizabethan sonnets are usually of the lyrical in content and differ in structure. This indefinably differs from the modern style of sonnet that we are use to. This is because the Elizabethan poem contains three stanzas of four lines and it finishes off with a rhyming couplet at the end. The structure of the modern sonnet is a complete anomaly compared with the Elizabethan sonnets. This is because they have two stanzas, the first consisting of eight lines and the second consisting of six lines, they are called the octave and the sestet. The sestet is the conclusion of a modern sonnet which contains a message whereas the Elizabethan’s message is held within the couplet. The modern sonnets usually hold a meaning of poverty and desolation within it and the tones vary extensively, although a sense of fundamental contentment is established with the rigidity of the form. The imagery used in Sonnet 130 is that of always comparing the woman in which Shakespeare is talking about to natural beauty. Shakespeare is very strange and different in the way he describes his mistress in this sonnet. This is because of ... ...et is trying to get across to the people out there willing to listen. He feels that people have been ignoring these situations and the problems have become increasingly worse. The content of this poem has given a paradoxical look and it is all a part of social realism. I feel that Sonnet 130 is very effective in the way Shakespeare puts his opinion across about his partner. The humour of the sonnet brings a more appealing feel to it. Although the problem with the sonnet is that message isn’t clear to see straight away, you have to look at the sonnet in more depth to see what message Shakespeare is trying to get across. The Glasgow Sonnet has a very serious message to it and the way the writer uses metaphors and similes to describe the area that people have to suffer living in, is very effective and makes the reader think about the realities of life.

Developmental Changes in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

Developmental Changes in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn      Ã‚   In the novel "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" by Mark Twain, the protagonist, Huck, undergoes a series of developmental changes in his character. He is often torn between the ideas of society and those of his friends.   This can all be very confusing for a boy who is about 14 years old.   Huck also has a drunken pap who doesn't care at all for him.   Huck is then forced to live with Widow Douglas and Miss Watson.   Throughout the story we see Huck represent the morals of the innocent prevailing over those of society.   In his "adventures," he learns the meaning of true friendship and what's really important in life.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the story, Huck makes the decision to escape from his "family."   This is a decision that goes against the morals of Huck's society, church and state. Children aren't supposed to run away from their parents.   Also, his decision to help Jim escape goes against the same morals.   In his "adventurous" escape down the Mississippi, he begins to feel truly free.   This is a feeling that is contrasted acutely of society's "oppression" of freedom, basically when he is on land.   In Jim's and Huck's escape, they are able to build their trust and friendship for each other.   However, at the same time he must leave behind societies ways...   getting "sivilized, money, and "family."      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Along Jim's and Huck's "adventure," they have many conversations along the way.   These conversations consist about their freedom, money, and superstition. In the story, they both have their own opinions about various things, like Solomon.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "'Well, b... ...against his society.   Huck had left his "family" and avoided getting " sivilized."   In his quest for true "freedom," Huck was able to grow considerably and mature, yet, he was still not mature enough to formulate ideas of his own. Nonetheless, no matter how Huck's ideas and morals change, he will always remain a true friend to Jim.   Adventurous or not, this book was great in showing that the white's weren't always right and blacks could also be great in many respects.    Works Cited and Consulted Adams, Richard P. "The Unity and Coherence of Huckleberry Finn". Tulane   Studies in English, VI (1956), 89-103. Rpt. "Twentieth Century Interpretations of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" Ed. Claude M Simpson. Englewood Cliffs,N.J. 1968. Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.

The Importance of Education Essay -- Papers School Learning University

The Importance of Education Education has always been a crucial part of society for the past centuries. Some believe that our education is a privilege. Some believe that our education is a right. Some believe that our education is an obligation. The only obligation we might have towards education is to treat it as a privilege as well as a right, but certainly not an obligation to have an education. Education has been the basis for the success we see in our parents, our teachers, and more importantly, ourselves. Over time, people have considered and concluded that education is a privilege. Education is a privilege because not many people can afford an education, and we should be grateful that we have this opportunity that many do not have. I personally have seen that education is a privilege here at State University. This school is composed of people who aspire not to attain the idea of individuality, but rather to aspire to become one with their students. That is just one aspect of this school that makes the idea of education being a privilege more evident. Many schools do not offer such attention and caring. Many schools do not have the resources that State University attains. There are certainly people that are unable to even attend a community college because of financial difficulties. Such a disadvantage should make students, such as myself, realize what a valuable and powerful thing education can be, and it has. In some parts of society, families struggle to even put clothing on their children. Education to them is nothing but a mere image and fantasy. There are many reasons more than I have showed you to prove that education is a privilege. However, if I were to list them, the list would go on a... ...h. This happens because the student may feel as if what is being taught has no importance or any benefits. When the student is motivated and doesn?t feel obligated, his performance clearly displays such an attitude. They are more willing to learn and understand subjects that are being presented to them. By thinking that education is an obligation can have a definite negative effect on the student?s motivation and attitude. As you can see, education is not an obligation. It is, in essence, a right as well as a privilege. These remain evident because you cannot be denied an education based on your physical features, and your education is something that many do not have; therefore it is also a privilege. Education has been the backbone for the success of our parents, our teachers, and will be the backbone for us, the students; the future of this country.

Education: Bachelor’s Degree and English Course Essay

What do your parents do? How much money they can earn per year? My parents are working in a coal corporation in China. They can earn 400 thousand Yuan per year. 3. Who will support your study in UK? My parents pay for part of my expenditure in UK, I also have some saving. 4. How much money have you prepared for your study? 500 thousand Yuan. 5. How much is the tuition fee for your English course and your master course? The tuition fee of my English course is That of my master course is 6. Why do you choose UK to study? Uk has colorful culture and beautiful nature senery. And its education is very good. 7. Why do you choose INTO UEA to study the English course? I think that the INTO UEA can promote my English level. 8. What are you going to do in the UK? I want to study in Newcastle University for my master degree. 9. Which university are you going to study in the UK? Newcastle university. 10. How long will you stay in the UK? 1 year / as soon as I get my degree , I will be back. 11. Where is the university? Newcastle †¦ 12. What are you going to study? International Marketing. 13. Please state the length of the course? 1 year 14. What is the start date and finish date for the course? 15. How many hours per week? 16. What will you learn for your course? What is the specific curriculum? 17. What is your purpose to study this course? 18. How do you know this university? 19. 6 9 What will you do between June to September? 20. When did you graduate from your university? 21. What did you do after you graduated from the university? After I graduated from university, I worked in Beijing university of post and telecommunication and prepared the Newcastle University application. 22. Why do you want to study English course in the UK after graduation? I think I can 23. What will you do after you finish the English course? 24. What is your master course? 25. What is the start date and finish date for the master course? 26. What will you learn for your master course? What is the specific curriculum? 27. Why did you withdraw your visa last time? 28. Why did you change your study plan? 29. What are you going to do after you graduate from the university? 30. Where would you like to work? China or UK? Why? 31. What are you planning to do in the future? 32. When/where did you get your Bachelor degree? I got my bachelor degree in century college of Beijing university of post and telecommunication. 33. What is your major? My major is computer science and technology. 34. , Please state the exam date and scores for your two IELTS exams. 4. 27 6.

Hinduism Research Paper

â€Å"Hinduism and Modernity† The writings on Hinduism and modernity by David Smith are an interesting read due to the juxtaposition of two opposite (per the author) concepts filled with examples that are traditional and modern with a spirit of understanding that is the hallmark of modern times. The opening examples of the Ganesha idols drinking milk being ridiculed by a modern day press in India serves well to remind us that our thinking or â€Å"theorisation† has become rigidly scientific and we have developed a sceptical bias towards what we cannot understand or explain.For me, the process of reading this section and sorting the confusion of thoughts thereafter enough to write about, involved several attempts to reading, writing and letting it go. As I read through this section with much anticipation, I found myself struggling to capture the essence of the writings of Kant, Weber, Marx, Hegel and others. After numerous readings, I realised that I was reading about mo dernity through the perspective of western philosophical writers and social thinkers. My eastern heritage and western education had somehow missed adequate information on both Hinduism and a balanced approach to modernity.As I read the writings of Smith, shortly after the first page, the expectation of deepening my understanding of Hinduism was pushed to the back burner and I received an education on western philosophical and social thought. That was disappointing because I had hoped to learn more about Hinduism and its place in the modern day. My expectation was that somehow the author would reconcile so called rational theorisations (that I too am very attached to) and the in-explainable Hindu concepts that I was familiar with.Unfortunately, other than seeing shadows of faith based thinking in Hegel, the section on Hinduism and modernity abruptly ends with little or no understanding on Hinduism and the assortment of modern day theorists do not bridge the intellectual divide betwee n the two concepts. A couple of days after reading this section and failing to write any thoughts, I suddenly realised another obstacle in my thinking. When I lived in India, amidst the Indian culture, I had come to accept Hinduism as the â€Å"modern† religion as opposed to Christianity or Islam.The basis of this label was that Hinduism lacked a book or structured definitions and paid no attention to conversion of others to Hinduism. As an organised religion, it was wonderfully ambiguous, largely spiritual and open to individual expression. It was okay to discard rituals or practices that did not my approval. That essence of Hinduism that I carried from my stay in India was a sharp contrast to the author’s perspective of Hinduism being the example of a â€Å"traditional† religion, and perhaps a far cry from modernity.My personal thought is that Hinduism, like philosophical or social theory has over the last 2000 plus years been defined by male dominated patriar chal societies. Like the cream on homemade Indian yogurt, that layer needs to be peeled away to study the essence of Hinduism or modernity and understand the closeness they share. European Discovery of Hinduism from â€Å"Hinduism and Modernity† The European discovery of Hinduism spans a period from the 15th century when the ports of Goa opened up for the Portuguese traders to the 18th century when the British begin to live in India and acculturate themselves with some of the Indian traditions.In these three hundred years, India seemed to change from an isolated country hidden from the world, to a country that could no longer hide its spices, its riches and its culture. Sadly though, the discovery of Hinduism for non Indians did not have a clear theoretical base, and was dependant on a largely oral and abstractly written sparse Hindu religious/cultural history, during a time when the Indian society was not open to sharing with the outside world.As a result, the accounts of Hi nduism written by visitors depicted the Hindu religion as grotesque or insipid, by European writers who travelled to India and experienced the culture from their biblical eyes. The practice of sati, the deification of kings, the extreme deprivation of Brahmans and the overly sexualised art altogether presented a confusing picture that could not be corrected, because the language of India was not understood by the Europeans. To their sensibilities, the ways of the Indians were horrifying to say the least. Read also  Arya Samaj at  https://essaysamurai.co.uk/arya-samaj/The Europeans in India, who could have had the opportunity to experience the Hindu culture first hand, also were kept at the fringes by the Indians, as per the writings of Bentinck in 1807. It seemed as though their (European) â€Å"needs† and â€Å"business† were â€Å"taken care† for them, without them disturbing the hierarchy and the dictates of the local culture. At this point, it seems as though the hierarchical society in India was interchangeably used to represent the Hindu religion. There seemed to be very little understanding of the Hindu religion apart from the social structure, with the teachings of he religion being a closely guarded secret, by the priests and the wealthy. The fact that that Indians were not open to foreigners examining their religion is evident from Bernier’s writings. Bernier’s base of atomism of Gassendi could have led to a productive exchange between the European and Indian culture, however, it seemed as if he gave up because he could not visualise a coherent Hindu cosmological theory and the â€Å"pundit† who was his only source of information, did not have enough skills to dialogue.There were sporadic writings through this time, for example by Abraham Roger, 1649, themed on â€Å"Paganism† that attempted to describe the Hindu culture of India, but at some point they tended to disintegrate into a judgemental dismissal of the body of knowledge that was very different to say the least. There always seemed to be enough examples to create caricatures and convince the western world, that India was not worthy of serious enquiry.All in all, from a modern day perspective, it seems that the Indians had created multiple layers to protect themselves from invaders, missionaries, scholars, traders all of them having an agenda to rip open the cultural centre and expose the vulnerability to the world. So it seems that visitors were kept at bay, given spices, gold, and sent on their way. The resistance also came from an established social structure and was maintained by those in power, for whom, it made sense to keep up the confusing and diffused aura, so they may profit as the privileged few who understood both sides.Marx and Weber’s writings in the 19th century are also historical sources of information on this time, although Marx did not write anything that helped the world understand Hinduism. Webers’s writings did contain some key concepts which were central to the Hindus, such as â€Å"Samskaras† or â€Å"Karma† but also contained some extreme views which were more true of Webers’ own personal struggles and growth. It was not until the late 18th century, under the colonial rule by the British, that Indians met westerners as friends, who wanted to understand or join the Indian culture, without an agenda.Around that time, Indians within India had also begun to look be yond their borders and the environment seemed ready for cultural exchange. The exchanges thereafter where both the Indian and the British culture absorbed elements from each other created an environment where a genuine interest could sustain and studies could be done. Dayananda Saraswati from â€Å"A Source-Book of Modern Hinduism† Dear Sikander Bhaiya, I came across something interesting and wanted to share it with you. I’m taking a class in Hinduism, about 10,000 miles away from home, and learning about Dayananda Saraswati, who as it turns out, is the founder of our Arya Samaj sect.You may recognize the Arja Samaj nurseries near our house, well here is some information behind the teachings at these schools. As my professor says, Swami Dayananda was born into a Brahmin family in 19th century India. But one point you should know is that his real name is Mool Shankar and he was born in Gujrat. He found the Arya Samaj, meaning cultural organization, after an impacting ev ent during the night of Shivratri. When mice ran all over Shiva and ate the offerings given to him, he could not understand why the idol could not defend himself from a mouse.Then, after the death of his sister from cholera, he no longer believed and degraded idol worship. That is when he created the Arya Samaj movement for people who do not believe in idol worship. Nevertheless, Swami Dayananda did not form the Arya Samaj based on this one principle, looking at Hinduism as a whole he rejected all the â€Å"falsehood† and created an body who believed in all the good in Hinduism. Swami Dayananda studied believed in the Vedic scriptures. One such notion he believed in was Moksha. Moksha is the escape from the reincarnation cycle and to finally become one with God.But, I personally believe that reincarnation is not bad and have no desire to escape this cycle. Why would one not appreciate the life God has given us and instead escape life to be absorbed into the soul of the Divine Spirit? As Swami Dayananda proclaims Moksha â€Å"is not emancipation but death or annihilation†. Death and annihilation are not words that come with a good meaning. Not everyone should be influenced to reach Moksha but instead be grateful for and enjoy what God has given us. Education is the sector in which Swami Dayananda made the most progress. For one, he wanted the Veda Bhashya to be translated into English in order to pread the information contained in these scriptures to the Europeans. He also believed in equal education for all. At his point of time in history women were not given the same rights as men and were often left to take upon simple maiden tasks. But he stated that this would cause â€Å"warfare in the house†. Women will also be wanted as teachers in all girls’ school and knowledgeable enough to be involved in administrative affairs. In addition, Swami Dayananda urged teachers and their scholars not to give into corrupt acts that could prevent teaching or learning.I think he wanted to ensure that people and their actions were not what kept them from acquiring knowledge. I greatly support Swami Dayananda’s belief that marriage should be Swayamvara. He believes that a man and a women should â€Å"suit each other† before marriage so they will be happier. In addition, he condemns child marriage, which usually results in women becoming widowed at a young age. This is such a pervasive phenomenon that completely stopping child marriage has still not occurred in India. Instead he added another custom that women can remarry as long as they were not â€Å"consummated† in their first marriage.This allows women to live a normal married life later on. I hope this letter has given you some light on Dayananda Saraswati and his Arya Samaj principles. Read on about this great Indian leader, his principles are inspiring. – Tanya Ramakrishna Paramahansa, from â€Å"A Source Book of Modern Hinduism† Ramakr ishna Paramahansa was a famous follower of Bhakti traditions of 19th century India. He was born into a poor Brahmin Vaishnava family in a Bengal village where he devoted his life to â€Å"strenuous spiritual discipline† (Richards,63) to reach union with the Divine, whom for Ramakrishna was Kali.He became a priest of the Dakshineswar Kali Temple near Kolkata, the city where his portrait hangs on every corner. Ramakrishna understood that Hinduism is like a shoreless ocean but still has two main facets Bhakti and Jnana, methods to become union with the Divine. He had chosen the Bhakti path to reach full consciousness with his Divine Mother, Kali. But he does not narrow his view of religion and God to only Kali. I agree with Ramakrishna when he says that God comes in various forms and as one becomes more devoted to God they begin to understand the wholeness of God’s existence in this universe.When one sees Kali, the idol, with a naked eye they see black. But her color can be compared to the blue sky, as one approaches the sky they realize it has no color. Yet, the sky is nowhere and everywhere, just like Kali. So, as one comes closer to Kali you will see her without color. Indians believed that there once existed Asuras , demons, who were tall, dark skinned and out to harm. Kali is a goddess who absorbed the negative physical attributes of the Asuras, hence her dark colored skin, but on the inside is a goddess who embodies Shakti, empowerment and strength.In India, Kali is considered the most powerful women who kills all evil and absorbs their poison so others are void of it. She is a powerful female warrior, which goes against the stereotype that men are the ones who hold the strength and power to fight. Hinduism as a religion gives great power to women, unlike the society which strips women of their influence. I strongly support Ramakrishna’s perspective that â€Å"each religion is only a path leading to God† (Richard, 65). I admire t he many rivers into one ocean analogy used to describe his idea of different religions but only one God.He was accepting of all other religions and believed â€Å"it is not good to feel that one’s religion alone is true and all others are false† (Richard, 65). One can see that equality was important to Ramakrishna whether it was through religion, the caste system or gender rules. He illustrated that by finding love for God, one’s mind, body and soul no longer belong as a part of the cast system. In addition, during Ramakrishna’s time in history women were not given the same rights as men and were often demeaned.But his belief that women should be worshiped as â€Å"embodiments of the Divine Mother† (Richard, 73) severed this separation. I greatly admire Ramakrishna as he demonstrates his idea of ‘duties’ undertaken by people for name and fame, resulting in an individual’s ego. Duties that are made and carried out by one’s self is not as selfless as those completed as they are presented. Success from carrying out ‘duties’ is what creates a person’s ego. The ego makes people individuals and separates them into ‘you’ and ‘I’. But God sees everyone as one and wishes others would see the same.The only means by which all individuals can become one is by â€Å"going away from the world into solitude† (Richard, 69). This moves the individual away from the distractions of the Maya and allows one to concentrate on the inner self to develop the love of God. With the love of God and as part of one, they are no longer an individual ego. Mahatma Gandhi from â€Å"Gandhi’s Key Writings: In Search of Unity† Let me tell you about a man named Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, who is known as Mahatma, meaning great soul, Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi was born in 1869 to a Vaishnava family.His mother and father were greatly religious people and influenced his percep tion of the world. However, growing up, he realized he was not a man of religion but of ethics. His interest in ethics drove him to study Law in London, England. With a background in Law, Mahatma Gandhi set out to create equality and morality amongst the people. His first attempt was in South Africa where he went to attain civil rights for the 62,000 Indians living there as laborers. At that time, Indians were not allowed to vote and were deprived of many other human rights.The civil rights movement lead by Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa is where he found Satyagraha. Satyagraha as a theoretical principle was first introduced in Mahatma Gandhi’s book Hind Swaraj and he shows how he used this philosophical principle in South Africa through his book Satyagraha In South Africa. Satyagraha is a theory that â€Å"recognizes the universal possibility of goodness and virtue† (Suhrud,78). The original Gujurati title of Mahatma Gandhi’s book is Dakshin Africa Na Satyagrah a No Itihas (Suhrud, 77) when translated into English it would read â€Å"A History of Satyagraha in South Africa†.However, Mahatma Gandhi had a strong stance between the words ‘Itihas’ and ‘History’, even though they can be considered direct translations of each other. He believed that Itihas in English means ‘it’s so happened’ as opposed to ‘history’ because for him history is associated with a past filled with wars and hatred. This is a glimpse of how Mahatma Gandhi coined the term Satyagraha as a â€Å"soul force† that is completely void of violence. (Suhrud, 77) Satyagraha’s meaning has many faces and the theory itself comes along with many values, but the real meaning of Satyagraha is â€Å"holding on to truth†.According to Mahatma Gandhi this meaning should insinuate love and firmness, bringing about non-violence. This is a separate term from passive resistance, because the latter is still considered a weapon using violence. In fact, one of the principles of Satyagraha is ‘Ahimsa’ meaning non-violence. Mahatma Gandhi started the Satyagraha struggle in South Africa with a series of non-violent protests. One such act was the burning of registration certificates at a community bonfire. This bonfire was an act of defiance against the Asiatic Registration Act of 1907.The means by which Gandhi took a stance against the act broke the law, hence he took the corresponding punishment i. e. multiple blows to the head. As a Satyagrahi, Gandhi did not respond to the violent punishment but instead attempted to get back on his feet and continue burning the registration certificates. Due to Gandhi’s persistence, he was thrown in jail for not succumbing to the police. This is one brutal example of how Mahatma Gandhi implemented Satyagraha in South Africa.Mahatma Gandhi believed that morals and ethics were essential in order to create unity amongst societies and the people within them. From moral and ethics he derived a dogma known as Satyagraha whose core values are truth and ahimsa. Mahatma Gandhi adopted this attitude and applied it in any of his rebellious acts in South Africa. This was an astute strategy he created, so regardless of his actions that stood against the power, he was still ethically correct, making it more difficult for the authorities to bring him down. In this manner, Mahatma Gandhi attained civil rights for the Indians in South Africa.