Philippine Spanish Era Essay

Chapter 8 1. Explain how the British occupation of the country opened the eyes of the people in certain regions to the idea of freedom and expulsion of the Spaniards? During this period, the Filipinos discovered how weak Spain was when it comes to armory when the British defeated them. Eventually, Archbishop Manuel Rojo surrendered Manila and Cavite thus exposing them furthermore as to how vulnerable they were. 2. Why did the economic plans of Governor-General Basco fail? His plans failed because of his establishment of government monopolies. These monopolies benefited only the government and not the people. There was much corruption because the government was the only one who can transact business and having the exclusive right to purchase, classify and sell all the products locally or even abroad made the people poorer. 3. Why were the Spanish authorities in the Philippines opposed to the education of the Filipinos? The Spanish authorities opposed the education of the Filipinos because as they feared it, Filipinos will come to learn about their rights of equality. 4. Explain how the middle class arose. Who composed the middle class? In 1834 the King of Spain opened Manila to foreign traders, thus starting the development of manufacturing and agriculture in the country. Many crops and other products from different regions were produced. Many ports were also opened including the introduction of the first modern machinery – called the sugar refinery. This started to improve the lives of the inquilinos or tenants in the haciendas as their families started to acquire wealth. They became the middle class, a group below the aristocratic Spanish officials and religious orders but higher or above the poor and uneducated Indios. 5. Explain how the opening of the Suez Canal affected the educated Filipinos. With the opening of the Suez Canal, travel from Manila to Spain was shortened. Because of this, there was an influx of progressive books and periodicals that circulated in the country, thus bringing in modern technology. Also, many Spaniards with progressive ideas migrated to the country influencing the educated Filipinos with their subversive ideas and activities who now clamored for changes in the administration of the colony. 6. What was the effect of the migration of liberal Spaniards on the educated Filipinos and mestizos? With the migration of the liberal Spaniards, the educated Filipinos were exposed to their subversive ideas and activities. And later on they were encouraged to go to Europe to continue their studies and prove that they were the equal of the Spaniards. 7. How did the Spanish Revolution of 1868 affect the events in the Philippines? The Spanish Revolution of 1868 affected the events in the Philippines by putting into practice the liberal principles of the revolutionists of Spain. 8. What were the reforms of Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre that endeared him to the educated Filipinos? The reforms of Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre that endeared him to the educated Filipinos were the abolishment of censorship of the press, removal of flogging as punishment and solving the problem of agrarian unrest in Cavite. 9. Why was liberalism in the Philippines short-lived? Why was a reactionary governor-general sent to the Philippines? Liberalism was short-lived in the Philippines when the Republic of Spain ended and the monarchy was restored. Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo was sent in order to bring back autocratic rule, thus censorship of the press and restrictions on freedom of speech were restored. All those who favored Governor-General de la Torre were considered suspects that were spied upon. 10. Explain what is meant by secularization. How did this lead to Filipinization? Secularization was a campaign meant for Filipinos, Spanish mestizos or Chinese mestizos the right to administer the parishes. The secular priests felt that the position as parish head was denied to them because they were not Spaniards. This was eventually called Filipinization because of its racial overtone. 11. Why do you think the Spanish authorities called the Cavite mutiny a rebellion? The government believed it was a rebellion because some Spanish soldiers and officers were killed by the mutineers who were mosty Indios, mestizos , and criollos. 12. Explain the importance or significance of the execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora? The execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora made the people feel the need to unite being Filipinos and not as Ilocanos, Visayan or some other race. Chapter 9 1. Explain the nature of the reform movement. What did it stand for? The Reform Movement was created to introduce changes in the Philippines. There was discontentment not only among the poor but also among the educated and well-to-do Filipinos. The Reform Movement was the start for wealthy and educated Filipinos to air their complaints through peaceful means such as writings, speeches, organized societies and artworks. 2. Name the foremost reformists who went to Spain. Describe each of them. The important reformists who went to Spain were: Dr. Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena and Marcelo H. Del Pilar. Dr Jose Rizal observed early in life how the Spanish authorities maltreated the Filipinos which made him swore to work the freedom of the country. He went to Spain for further studies in Medicine and learned several languages. His important novels – Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo talked on the abuses and defects of the Spanish government which led to his death. Graciano Lopez studied in a seminary to become a priest and later on shifted to Medicine. Like Dr. Jose Rizal he observed the cruelty and immorality of the friars and government officials. He was a good writer and founded La Solidaridad, a newspaper intended to be the propaganda arm of the Filipino reformists. Marcelo H. Del Pilar, was the greatest journalist produced by the purely Filipino race. He finished Law Studies and starte d campaigning against the abuses of the friars and the civil officials. He founded Diariong Tagalog, a Tagalog-Spanish newspaper that talked on how to improve the administration of the government. Marcelo H. Del Pilar, like Dr. Jose Rizal wrote many books but unlike them, he wrote in the vernacular so he could reach the masses which were truly enjoyed and understood. 3. What did the reformist want? The reformist had several demands. First was to be represented in the Spanish Court, the right to vote, freedom of speech and freedom of assembly of the press, freedom of commerce, the removal of the friars from the Philippines because they were obstacle to progress, education of the people, reforms in the jails of the country and abolition of the diezmos prediales or the tithe consisting of one tenth of the produce of the land. 4. What is meant by assimilation? In what way or ways would it benefit the Filipinos? Explain your answer. Assimilation was one of the ideas included in the Reform Movement which aimed to make the Philippines a province of Spain thereby granting Spanish citizenship to Filipinos. If this idea was only accepted by the Spanish government, the Filipinos will enjoy the rights and benefits of being a Spanish citizen, ending cruelty and maltreatment of the Filipinos. 5. What were the aims of La Solidaridad? Why was it founded? The La Solidaridad was founded to become the propaganda arm of the reformists. It was aimed to fight reaction, to stop all efforts to keep the Philippines a backward country, to extol liberal ideas, and to defend progress. 6. In what way was Marcelo H. Del Pilar different from Rizal? As propagandist of the Filipino cause, who between the two was more effective? Explain your answer. Marcelo H. Del Pilar was different from Rizal in the sense that he wrote most of his books and articles in Tagalog so the Filipinos can truly understand its contents . For me Marcelo H. Del Pilar was more effective as a propagandist because his writings in Tagalog reached everyone from the poorest to the educated Filipinos. But because of lack of funds and his death, he was not able to continue this. Dr Jose Rizal, on the other hand wrote in Spanish which can only be read by the Spanish officials and friars and the educated Filipinos. It was only through his death that the masses came to understand his undertakings. 7. What role did the Pro-Filipino societies play? Why did they fail? The Pro-Filipino Societies were created as the starting ground for the reformists so they could find help from Spaniards with liberal ideas. The society was organized to propagate reforms in the Philippines in the form of a newspaper but then it was short-lived due to lack of funds and lack of leadership. 8. Explain how Masonry helped in the campaign for reforms. Name at least 2 Masonic Lodges in the Philippines during the Spanish period which helped propagate the cause of the Filipinos. How significant was Masonry for the Filipino women? Masonry is for the liberal-minded that’s why many Filipino reformists joined this. The aim of Masonry was the same with that of the reformists that’s why the two groups were actually hitting one bird with two stones. The Nilad and the WALANA were just two of Masonic Lodges established in Manila. The WALANA Masonic Lodge was composed of women. Through this the women were able to contribute their time to help propagate reforms. 9. Why did Rizal found the La Liga Filipina? What were its aims? Why was it not successful? In your opinion, was the La Liga a reformist or a revolutionary organization? Explain your answer. Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina as a civic society. Its aims were to unite the whole archipelago into one strong body; to give mutual protection of all members in case of necessity; to encourage agriculture, commerce, and education; to defend members against any kind of violence and injustice; and to study and apply reforms. It was not successful because the Spanish authorities felt it was dangerous which led to the arrest of Dr. Jose Rizal, instantly killing the Liga. For me the Liga was a reformist organization because its intentions were only to help improve the lives of Filipinos which was only a temporary solution. 10. Explain why the reform movement failed? The reform movement failed because: 1) The High Spanish officials in Spain were too busy attending to their own internal problems to bother the problems of a colony. 2) The reformists in the Philippines and in Spain did not have the necessary funds to make their campaign effective. 3) The reformists were not united because of jealousy among themselves. 4) He friars in the Philippines had influential friends and supporters in Spain who opposed the introduction of reforms. Chapter 10: 1. Explain why Marcelo H. Del Pilar shifted to the idea of revolution. What made him think in terms of revolution? Marcelo H. Del Pilar shifted to the idea of revolution because the reform movement which aims to secure the remedies for their problems in peaceful means was not effective.The Spanish government ignored the plight of the people that’s why Del Pilar decided that revolution is the only way to achieve their goal. 2. What was the immediate cause of the founding of the Katipunan? What caused Bonifacio to change tactics and strategy? Was he right to make such a change? The immediate cause of the founding of the Katipunan was to recruit Filipinos to become members through the method called the triangle system which aimed to minimize the danger of discovery by the Spanish authorities. But Bonifacio realized that the method was very slow in recruiting its members so he decided to adopt the system used by Masonry in enlisting its members which was a good idea because it was faster than the triangle method. 3. Explain briefly the â€Å"triangle method.† How successful was it in recruiting members for the Katipunan? The triangle method of enlisting members of the Katipunan started with a member recruiting 2 new members who did not know each other and the 2 new members will do the same.It was not that successful because they were able to enlist few members. This method was very slow in its process that’s why they just decided to get as many new members as they could. 4. What were the aims of the Katipunan? In what ways was the Katipunan different from La Liga Filipina? The aims of the Katipunan were based on civic, political and moral objectives.Civic objective was based on the principle of self-help and the defense of the weak and the poor. Political objective was the separation of the Philippines from Spain and lastly moral objective focused on the teaching of good manners, hygiene, and good moral character. The La Liga worked for radical reforms using peaceful means while the Katipunan on the hand aimed to regain the Philippines and be freed from slavery through revolutionary means. 5. In what way did the Katipunan government resemble or differ from the Spanish colonial government? The Katipunan stood as a real government like that of Spain because it was governed by a Supreme Council as it was a King for Spain. They also had the Sangguniang Hukuman which was the Spanish Cortes.But the Katipunan was more nationalistic in nature because they had teachings called the Decalogue that must be the guide of the members. And most of all every activity of the Katipunan government was done in secrecy so as not to de discovered by the Spanish authorities. 6. When Bonifacio worked for the replacement of Deodato Arellano and Roman Basa as supremo of the Katipunan, what trait or character did he show? Was Bonifacio right in replacing Arellano and Basa? Give your reasons. Bonifacio was a very perfectionist man. He saw that Arellano and Basa were not good in doing their jobs that’s why he decided on his own to work for their replacement. He proved himself to be a better leader but the means of replacing Basa and Arellano was based on his influence. But on the other hand, the lack of leadership of Arellano and Basa wasted the time of the Katupunan. 7. Name the grades of membership of the katipunan and their respective passwords. What do you notice about the passwords, particularly the use of Rizal for the highest member? The first grade was the catipon with their password – Anak ng Bayan, the second was kawal with their password GOM-BUR-ZA and lastly, Bayani with password RIZAL. The highest member being the leader and founder of the Katipunan used Rizal as password being their ultimate source of inspiration in their fight for freedom. 8. Explain why Bonifacio invented the Katipunan secret codes. How would you characterize Bonifacio for inventing such codes? Bonifacio invented the codes to avoid being discovered by the Spaniards.He had shown his ingenuity knowing this would protect the Katipunan by making it difficult for the Spaniards to read letters or any written communication. 9. Why were the Katipunan members called the sons of the people? Explain this very carefully. They were called the sons of the people because their ultimate goal was to free the Philippines from Spain and to protect the rights of the people. In The Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan which was written by Bonifacio, stated that love of God is also love of country and this too is love of one’s fellowmen. By this statement alone the Katipuneros proved themselves to be guardian of the Filipino people that,s why they were the sons of the people. 10. Why was a Katipunan branch for women founded? Who were its members? Andres Bonifacio wanted to involve the women in the Katipunan that’s why a branch for women was founded. The members were limited only to the Katipuneros’ spouses, sisters, daughters and other selected women. 11. In what way did the Kalayaan help propagate the revolutionary ideas of Bonifacio and Jacinto? The Kalayaan contained articles written by Bonifacio, Jacinto and Valenzuela. The newspaper reached the farthest provinces influencing many Filipinos to become members of th Katipunan. 12. Identify and comment on the following code names: Madlang-Away; Agapito Babumbayan; and Pingkian. Madlang-Away was the code name of Pio Valenzuela stood for the fight of the masses for freedom. Agapito Bagumbayan, the pen name of Bonifacio, stood the death of Rizal in Luneta or Bgumbayan.

Native Americans vs. African Americans Essay

In today’s society there are many people living in poverty. All across America there are different projects and reservations where the less fortunate reside. Statistics show that mostly minorities live in these different locations. Native Americans and African Americans are two of the more popular races living in these places. The group suffering the most in these situations is the youth. Although both Native American and African American children living on a reservation or in the projects experience a terrible community, have little to no faith, and a broken family structure, African American youth living in the projects have it worse than Native American children living on a reservation. First, one of the most common living situations for less fortunate African Americans is in the projects. A project is a public living environment that is government owned. Although these buildings are government owned they are far from nice looking. Most of the buildings have no windows, are run down, dirty, and old. The government’s main goal is to maintain affordable housing not to make them the best looking homes in town. The projects aren’t a good environment for a child to be raised. Throughout these neighborhoods different gangs can be found. These gangs are built to defend the different areas in the projects. The gangs bring major violence to the area and are one of the main causes of death. At a young age children join these gangs and are raised to be violent. Many of them decorate the buildings they are living in with graffiti expressing their gang colors, symbols, or motto. In contrast, while Native American youth also live in poor housing, the environment is safer than the projects. A reservation is an area set aside for a specific type of land use or activity, or for use by a particular group of people, mostly Native Americans. Similar to the projects, houses on a reservation are old, beat down, and dirty. The houses on a reservation are government owned as well. Although these two locations are very similar they also differ. The reservation is a safer place then the projects. On the reservation there is a couple cases of mild violence but they aren’t as severe as the violence in the projects. Therefore, the reservations environment is a better environment than the projects. Secondly, many of the young people have no faith growing up in the projects. A lot of them believe their only way out of the projects is to become a basketball or football player or to become a top selling rap artist. At as young as sixteen years of age most African American males end up in jail, deceased, or selling drugs. A lot of them are also lead to believe that if they don’t do what every other man on the streets is doing, then they won’t make it anywhere in life. On the reservation the kids believe their only way out is to become NBA players or â€Å"powwowers†. Powwower’s are traditional Native American cheerleaders or dancers. Much like the African Americans growing up in the projects, the life expectancy rate for those living on a reservation is in the mid forties. Considering that both of these locations are in the United States mid forties is very young of age. Many of these people don’t live very long because they don’t have enough money to take care of themselves as well as their families. They also aren’t able to live a healthy lifestyle which shortens their days. Death is common in the two locations which leaves these two young groups wondering what’s beyond the age forty. Lastly, family structure is very important in a household. In the projects many of the homes lack a very strong family structure. Children growing up in the projects nine times out of ten don’t have both parents in the home. Most of them are drug dealers, alcoholics, prostitutes, or doing any and everything to try and provide for the child. Although these parents are trying to provide for their children a lot of the time they are also on welfare. Moreover, these children’s parents aren’t ever around, they sometimes go days without having anything to eat. Many of the young men follow after the footsteps of their father, older brother, or uncles which is why this cycle has continued for so long. Native Americans typically stick together as a unit. According to Sherman Alexie, an award winning author who grew up on a reservation, â€Å"Native American children are taught to be suspicious of Caucasian people. † Native Americans teach this to their children because there are many people in America that are against minorities and believe that just because they are the majority they’re better. A lot of the parents on a reservation go from job to job not being able to keep one job for a long period of time. Many of these parents are also alcoholics. On the other hand, some of these families on these reservations are very family oriented unlike the African American families in the projects. These Native American families have up to seventeen family members living in one house. They keep their families very close and are very supportive of one another rather then being against each other like African Americans. The parents watch over their children to make sure they don’t go down the wrong path in life. Although these families are experiencing hard times they cheer each other up and manage to smile every once in a while. Therefore, the Native Americans family structure is stronger then African Americans. In conclusion, Native American youth living on a reservation have it better then African American youth living in the projects. Both of these minorities are going through some hardships. From alcoholic parents to not having anything to eat they both are suffering as young children. Native American families provide a safer living environment, work harder, and look after one another, where as African Americans are against one another, on the streets all day, and are strongly associated with violence. As the years go on these families are hoping that the government will separate people in the projects and those living on reservations and provide them both with a better living situation. If these environments are separated the United States will be one step closer to eliminating violence in America.

Important Steps to Marketing Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Important Steps to Marketing Success - Essay Example One possibility is renting a billboard that presents a continuing storyline as a traveler goes from one billboard to another, ultimately looking forward to the next billboard and the next part of the story; i.e. Burma Shave from 1925-1963 ("Billboards, 2006), and when the dairy business was in a slump, the GOT MILK logo was used in billboards, magazines, and on television. In the meantime, the product logo becomes familiar. The cost of this type of advertising, however, might be prohibitive. Display signs that encourage the public to search you out might be a less expensive option, but these sales methods also call for a design package that might make it worthwhile to spend a little extra for a well-known designer. After all, if a designer is well-known, he or she must know how to sell an idea. Marketing also could be accomplished with print flyers or broadcast ads by creating a powerful design that demands attention and by developing a mailing list for distribution. Once you have a design, you can create your own flyers. In advertising one thing leads to another. Advertising calls for sales promotion, which requires public relations. Public relations becomes part of personal selling, and the bottom line is direct marketing. How does one marketing decision actually suggest the next step For instance, let us say your company is selling a gadget guaranteed to outperform a similar product. You have registered your trademark, which includes a highly visible logo. In the age of computers a mouse is no longer a small animal; it is an object designed to move you around on the computer screen. Logitech is a highly visible name in the mouse market. But what if you have a voice-activated mouse pointer that reads the information on the screen without having to use a mouse The logo could be a lightning bolt, and the name of the pointer program could be the "Wizard"--shades of Harry Potter. The simpler the logo, the more successful it could be. Look at Nike. Nothing is simpler or more recognizable than the little boomerang. Whatever name you choose for your product, it should connect to your company name. Your particular Wizard is not the only voice-activated pointer program in the marketplace. It is therefore important to bring your company to the attention of the public. There are several ways to make your company name recognizable. One way is to connect to a charity. What if you donated several copies of your new program to a charity such as The Braille Institute This would be followed up with a press release, announcing your gift (Krotz, 2006). Not only would this be of interest to other charities, it might be a useful product for people who have arthritis or are disabled and can't use a regular mouse. If you have a reliable product and customers realize it, word of mouth can do a lot for sales. In this high-tech age, online selling is a necessary activity. Your company should have a website that is easy to navigate. In fact, it should have a voice-activated link in keeping with your new product. As a tie-in to your website, you might set up a booth at a trade show that will allow prospective buyers to try your products. Make sure you have

Quiz Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Quiz - Research Paper Example Allen transferred the possession of the car to the parking garage, while he retained the ownership of the car. The relationship established between Mr. Allen and the Hyatt Regency-Nashville parking garage is not a gift relationship. This is because, it is only the possession of the car which was transferred from Mr. Allen to the parking garage, while the formation of a gift relationship requires that both the ownership of the chattel or property is also transferred, when the possession is transferred from the owner of the property to the trustee (Powell, 273). There are several conditions that must be fulfilled for the establishment of a bailment relationship between the owner and the possessor of the property, for the relationship to qualify as a bailment. First, it is required that the bailee (possessor) of the property must intend to posses the property or the chattel (Powell, 272). Secondly, it is required that the bailee(possessor ) must actually and physically possess the property or chattel that has been transferred from the owner, as opposed to the gift relationship, where the physical chattel can remain with the owner, but the rights and ownership transferred to the trustee (Powell, 272). Therefore, according to the facts of the case Allen V Hyatt Regency-Nashville, a bailment relationship was created between Mr. Allen and the Hyatt Regency-Nashville parking garage, considering the fact that the parking garage had indicated the intention to possess the car parked by Mr. Allen, through the notice "Welcome to Hyatt Regency-Nashville" together with a sign marked "Parking." This way, the public was invited to utilize the parking, an indication of the intent of the commercial parking garage to possess the car. Secondly, the facts of the case meets the second requirement of the law for the fulfillment of a bailment providing that the property or the chattel must be physically possessed by the

Martin Luther King, Jr Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Martin Luther King, Jr - Essay Example Organised a non-violent protest march which served to dramatise these ugly realities of America and emphasise the nature of true democracy. He delivers the historically famous speech: â€Å"I have a dream† and he says â€Å"black men as well as white men would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness†. This historical landmark highlighted the necessity of democracy that offered equal rights to all its citizens irrespective of their colour and race. The non-violent movement fought for this equality. Furthermore, he says, â€Å"Now is the tine to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all God’s children. ...all men are created equal†. So, the later part of the book starts so emphatically on the high note of equality and justice. It continues the same till 29th chapter. Racial inequality and brutality was commonplace. Notions about black were very common. But, to remove these misconceptions was the primary motive of the movement. He says, â€Å"We must use every constructive means to amass economic and political power. This is the kind of legitimate power we need. We must work to build racial pride and refute the notion that black is evil and ugly. But this must come through a program, not merely through a slogan†. Martin Luther King Jr. finds gaining political and economic power is the best way to gain what they wanted. â€Å"Black Power† was coined and put into currency. Civil rights was the motive. But, Martin Luther’s interpretation of the means to achieve Black Power was different from his contemporaries who considered militant ways. The negotiation was done so effectively that legal grounds are cited to justify the protest and March. The then Civil rights movement could have been one of the earliest instances of the voice of the voiceless, but it continues to this day in various forms, wherever prejudice or

Ocean Life and the Impact Of Humans. An overview of the Gulf of Mexico Research Paper

Ocean Life and the Impact Of Humans. An overview of the Gulf of Mexico - Research Paper Example However, due to the crucial economic importance of aquatic resources, there has been an upsurge of human activities including tourism, mining, fishing and other industries in these habitats. These human activities have regrettably diminished ocean life through unsustainable practices such as overexploitation of the resources and introduction of pollutants. This paper explores ocean life in the Gulf of Mexico, with special focus on the effects of human activities on the diversity and conservation measures in the region. An overview of the Gulf of Mexico The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important oceanic habitats in Northern America and has one of the richest aquatic diversity in the world. In addition, it has rich reserves of petroleum deposits making it one of the biggest oil producing regions in the world. The rich ecological diversity offers numerous social and economic opportunities, including tourism, navigation, recreation and mining of petroleum and gas that contribute sig nificantly to the gross domestic product of the United States and Mexico. The entire Mexican gulf covers an area of about 600,000 squares miles, extending from the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico to Florida Keys in the United States (Weber, Townsend and Bierce, 1992). A recent biological survey of the biodiversity in the Gulf of Mexico undertaken by GMP (2010) recorded 15,419 species that belong to 40 phyla. The marine life ranges from single cellular organisms to plants, seaweeds and fungi, in addition to a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrates animals. The rich biodiversity is distributed across three major habitats, including the shoreline or the coast, the shallow sea and the open or deep ocean. The coastal region consists of important habitats, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangrove swamps, salt marshes and tidal flats. The gulf of Mexico coastline offers a wide range of aquatic plants including the mangrove, diverse varieties of plants and algae including turtle , manatee, shoal and widgeon grasses in addition to sargassum sea weeds. The coastline forms an important habitat for aquatic near shore animals, including corals, sea turtles, dolphins and various species of whales, fish and sharks (GMP, 2010). NOAA (2006) classifies species of animals found in the Gulf of Mexico according to the water depths that they mostly occur. From this classification, there are near shore and offshore animals. The habitat of near shore animals ranges from the estuarine waters to the edge of continental shelf and it covers a distance of less than 200 meters from the shelf edge. Offshore animals occupy deep waters that lie beyond 200 meters from the continental shelf. However, this animal distribution varies depending on the seasons because of migration between these areas for various reasons including reproduction and depending on food availability, water temperatures and strength of ocean currents (NOAA, 2006). The aquatic plants and animals in the Gulf of M exico have established important biological relationships in the ecosystem. Aquatic plants and algae are the primary food producers in the marine ecosystem providing sustenance for a wide variety of marine animals (Allan and David 2007). For instance, turtle grass in the Gulf of Mexico is common source of food to sea turtles. Through photosynthesis, the aquatic plants and algae produces oxygen that dissolves in water. The dissolved oxygen is used for respiration by the wide diversity aquatic animals in the gulf. In addition, anaerobic bacteria use the dissolved oxygen in the decomposition of organic matter in the water bodies. Similarly, aquatic animals provide the plants with carbon dioxide as a by-product of respiration

Precede Proceed Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Precede Proceed Model - Essay Example As per the research conducted by Stanford University Medical Center (2003), South Asian Indian Women are more prone to heart diseases and diabetes compared to other women of the world. The primary reason behind this is their reluctance to the insulin resistance syndrome that causes high blood pressure, cholesterol and diabetes. There is no doubt that diet plays an important role in controlling diabetes but reluctance towards insulin is one of the major problems that often aggravate the problem. Thus, it is important for health planners, policy makers and evaluators to design an effective and efficient health program pertaining to the diabetes control among South Asian Indian Women. The role of health care institutes and communities is of great importance in creating awareness along with changing the health care systems and patterns along with educating women suffering from diabetes. There is a need of global initiative and a systematic utilization of the health framework to attain he alth objectives. It is important to incorporate Precede Proceed Model’s elements while designing an effective framework for controlling diabetes along with keeping a tab on related diseases. ... There has been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of Diabetes in South Asian Indian Women living in different parts of the world. The primary reason behind this is low physical activities and high fat diet. There is no denying that genetics play an important role in determining a disease but apart from it, health initiatives and perceptions also play a deciding role. It is important to create local level awareness among these women along with guiding them in an informative and logical manner on the use and importance of insulin. An initiative needs to be taken by creating health care communities bringing changes along with managing and guiding people suffering from diabetes (Gielen, McDonald, Bone, (2008). This would help in addressing the problem in a systematic manner offering great results and solutions. Precede Proceed Model Lawrence Green (1976) stated that Precede Proceed Model is a framework that helps and guides health planners, policy makers and evaluators to assess a hea lth problem along with designing an effective health programs. It includes enhancing of health and quality life by designing and implementing effective health initiatives and programs. This model requires active participation of targeted audience in order to understand problems and issues pertaining to a specific disease. This model states that health problems are influenced by both environmental and personal factors and need to be analyzed well. In this discussion, the basic health problem to be assessed and analyzed is diabetes and community based health solutions would be designed based on Precede Proceed Model. This would help in achieving the proposed objective of the discussion in a desired and systematic manner. Description of the Model The

Pain Management and Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pain Management and Assessment - Essay Example Also, a brief idea of how the cost of elderly career affects the realm of healthcare is mentioned to give credence to the fact that incurred costs often play a role in the type of treatment that the elderly patients receive and in what they receive in the assessment and management of their pain. Also, there are concerns about the social psychological and environmental needs of the elderly as well. All of these pertinent issues are discussed so that a better enlightenment can be illustrated in what exactly caring for the elderly patient entails in a nursing practice, specifically within a medically facilitated environment. The conclusion demonstrates that despite the fact that care of the elderly can be more complex and costly they are entitled to the same rights as any other patient and deserve to have effective and appropriate pain management given to them to provide them with the best quality care and comfort level possible. This is the goal of any nurse in the medical field in regards to any and all patients which the finality of this literature defines. Pain is something that is experienced by every human being regardless of their age, gender, or economic status. The theory in behind pain is more than one; in fact there are three theorizations to provide a medical definition of pain. However, pain is normally described as an unfavorable experience that creates an extensive emotional and disabling influence on an individual, especially within the elderly population. The three theories of pain are the Specificity theory, Pattern theory, and Gate theory (Adams & Bromley 1998). It is the Gate Theory that is commonly used in medical terminology to discuss the pain levels of the elderly. This is because this theory focuses on many past experiences that older people have had while receiving medical care and of which dictates how they will perceive their ability to tolerate pain during their treatment. For instance, it is

Terrorism preparedness and Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Terrorism preparedness and Response - Essay Example Based on the given situation, the incident could be a bomb attack. According to FEMA, or the Federal Emergency Management Agency (2008) common targets of terrorists are public places where security is not tight or chances like bombs can slip in.Since it is an emergency, one can call, or must call those responsible for relief. One good action was the security guard calling for help from the 9-1-1. Somehow, they can help since several are wounded, and cases of death are possible. Three options when at situations like this is to seek for medical aid, next would be informing authorities about severe need to for response on the crowd, that is the crowd control groups like the police; lastly, there must be the need to call the attention of several anti-terrorism groups or those authorities of the government like the NBI for the case could not just be a simple explosion of a train, but a bombing related to terrorism.The agencies related to the government are interconnected, that means, in o ne way or another, several responses can come in a simple alert. Although a person does not have any idea about the landline numbers or contact numbers, there would always be ways. One of these is through calling the emergency numbers like the 9-1-1. Details about what happened are necessary for the agency on how they were supposed to respond with the situation. If you include with the details that it seemed to be like a terrorist bombing (and even if its not), they would give a signal alert for those related with the network. Through this information would flow to the NRF (National Response Framework) which was once the National Response Plan or the NRP. This framework is consisted of several working groups that does the same responses the moment they were informed, included are the emergency support annexes which are: Transportation, Communications, Public Works and Engineering, Firefighting, Emergency Management, Mass Care, Emergency Assistance, Housing, and Human Services, Logis tics Management and Resource Support, Public Health and Medical Services, Search and Rescue, Oil and Hazardous Materials Response, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Energy, Public Safety and Security, Long-Term Community Recovery, External Affairs Since it is common to have disorganized crowd during a bomb attack, one way of securing those who are in panic is to help. Giving comforts to those traumatized, helping those who were injured, and leading the crowd out of the incident area are just quick ways to secure those who are fine but panic-stricken. In such way, avoiding chaos is necessary.

Summery - `The Living Conditions of Chittagong University Essay Example for Free

Summery `The Living Conditions of Chittagong University Essay The Impact of residential life influences personal, academic, emotional and spiritual growth, development and adjustment of a student. Much research has documented how residential environment affects the development of students. Brilliantes, Aga and others have shown in their study The Living Conditions of university Students In Boarding Houses and Dormitories In Davao City, Philippines that the facllltles and the environment of students dormitories significantly Influence their well-being holistically. (Brilliantes ; Aga: 2012). Maya Brennan claimed In one of her research hat affordable (reasonable) housing developments may function as a platform for educational Improvement by provldlng a forum (Opportunity) for residential-based after school program. (Brennan: 20111. Shaikh and Deschamps elicited that Student living in university residences experience frail (Weak/ in poor health) living conditions, being away from their homes and families, the stress (Pressure) of studies, a bizarre (Irregular) routine, and absence of readily (Willingly) available guidance. This condition derictly related with overall well-being of the students of a University. (Shaik ; Deschamps: 2006). Significant number of works on this topic previously done worldwide beside above mentioned studies. In particular, according to Barger ; Lynch, A series of studies undertaken at the university of Florida in Gainesville by Alsobrook (1962), Carter (1966), Clark (1 963), Decoster (1970), Lynch (1970). MacDonald (1968), Musselman (1967), Ridge (1968) and Stormer (1971) highlighted the impact of the mix of student characteristics and the effectiveness of leadership on the quality of life that develops in the residence hall. (Barger ; Lynch: 1973) But in Bangladesh, study regarding living condition of university students and how esidential environment affect students well-being is beyond our minds eye, because of the unavailability of such kinds of work. A study has been conducted on Quality of Education and Campus Violence under FREPD (Foundation for Research on Educational Planning and Development. The team of this research explored how campus violence affects quality of education of a student. (Ahmed: 2000). So, we find lack of priority in research on quality study of university environment especially how students lead their lives In university arena. In this point of view and with the onsideration of above discussion, It Is more contextual to study on the llvlng condition of university students and their hollstlc welfare depends on residential environment. Summery The Living Conditions of Chittagong University Students in Halls and Cottages . By miahhanif The impact of residential life influences personal, academic, emotional and spiritual and others have shown in their study The Living Conditions of University Students in Boarding Houses and Dormitories in Davao City, Philippines that the facilities and the environment of students dormitories significantly influence their well-being olistically. (Brilliantes ; Aga: 2012).

Issues in Angioplasty and Bypass Surgery

Issues in Angioplasty and Bypass Surgery Bypassing Angioplasty When it comes to heart disease, surgical intervention is expensive, invasive, and largely ineffective. Studies show that traditional surgical interventions, such as angioplasty with stent placement and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) do not benefit stable patients. These treatments target stable plaques that is not in danger of rupturing to form a clot and ignore the dangerous, unstable plaque that doesnt show up in tests. For years, doctors thought that the main cause of heart attacks was the buildup of fatty plaque. They believe that over time the vessel would become so narrow that flow would be compromised, and eventually the vessels would close up or be clogged. Now we know that the facts are much different. Most of the large clots that create heart attacks occur in parts of the heart where the arteries are not severely narrowed. Instead, they occur in areas where the plaque is soft and has a thinner cap, sitting on an unstable, cholesterol-laden base. The propensity of plaque to rupture and create a complication or infarct depends on two other important criteria: the tensile stress (destabilizing pressure) on the fibrous cap, and the amount of inflammatory white blood cells that have infiltrated the lipid segment. The older, more stable plaques are larger and more likely to obstruct blood flow, leading to angina. Those are the plaques typically treated with angioplasty and stenting, yet they are not vulnerable plaques and not likely to initiate a clot that can cause an infarction. Now we know that a certain type of plaque and a certain type of biochemical event most often trigger a heart attack. These plaques are often not visible to conventional cardiac testing, such as stress tests and angiograms, because they do not obstruct blood flow, or impinge on the vessel lumen sufficiently to be visualized by such tests. Plaque can become stable with dietary excellence, and it can become unstable relatively quickly with dangerous eating. It is the more recently deposited, and more recently modified, plaque, resulting from eating dangerously, that can create vulnerable plaque and make semi-vulnerable plaque more vulnerable, precipitating a cardiac event. Angioplasty and bypass surgery do not address or fix the vulnerable plaque in a persons coronary circulation. These procedures address the least dangerous (old) plaque and therefore have no effect on reducing the risk of future cardiac events. However, eating carefully can immediately make plaque less vulnerable by reducing inflammatory cells, reducing soft plaque, and reducing tensile stress. Superior nutrition stabilizes both the base of the plaque, to keep it from rupturing, and the cap of the plaque, to keep it from cracking. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), commonly known as heart-bypass surgery, is the most common heart surgery in the United States. A healthy artery or vein is connected to the obstructed coronary artery creating a new path for the blood to flow to the heart muscle. The blood bypasses the obstructed vessel, with a resulting relief in angina. The serious risks of CABG include an increased risk of stroke and overall death rate compared with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (or angioplasty with stent placement), loss of mental function in the elderly, atrial fibrillation, and other more unusual events, such as failure of the sternum to close properly after surgery. Percutaneous coronary intervention is a nonsurgical procedure during which the physician feeds a thin flexible tube, or catheter, from the groin or arm into the heart. The catheter has a deflated balloon on the end, and when the tube reaches the blockage, it is forced though. The balloon is then inflated to open the artery, allowing blood to flow better. Then a stent, or short metal wire tube, is placed to prevent the stretched vessel from closing up again quickly. The most serious risks of PCI include death, heart attack, stroke, ventricular fibrillation and aortic dissection. Ons study showed that 1.2 patients out of every 100 died in the hospital undergoing PCI. The tactic of using surgical intervention as a substitute for a healthy diet is doomed to fail. Whenever CAD is present and surgical intervention occurs, the vast bulk of plaque is still left untreated. Atherosclerosis is a dietary-induced disease that spreads throughout the heart, not only in those areas visualized by angiograms. The vast majority of patients who undergo these interventions do not have fewer new heart attacks or live longer. The procedures themselves expose patients to more risk of new heart attack, strokes, infection, encephalopathy (disease in the brain), and death. Angioplasty, with or without stenting, also damages the treated blood vessel. It increases inflammation in the treated vessel and raises levels of C-reactive protein, which creates restenosis and increases the risk of recurrent coronary events. Restenosis is more resistant to regression with nutritional approaches than native atherosclerosis. Once an individual has a stent placed that foreign body in the vessel wall increases inflammation at the edge of the stent. This can enhance the potential for the treated area to generate a clot, leading to a future heart attack. These medical interventions do not address the cause of the disease; they treat only the symptoms-an approach that lessens pain for a limited period. Getting tested and treated for coronary obstructive disease wont help. Individuals without major blockages of their great vessels are just as likely to have a fatal cardiac event as those with more significant blockages. Nd yet, stress tests and angiography dont even show these individuals as having heart disease. Stress tests identify only those blockages that obstruct more than 85 percent of the vessel lumen. 70-80 percent of all myocardial infarctions are caused by plaques that is not obstructive or visible on angiography or stress tests. If you just have high blood pressure and high cholesterol and are overweight or diabetic, we recommend aggressive nutritional intervention and an exercise program customized to your fitness level and tolerance. If you have symptoms suggestive of angina with exertion, then we recommend you also use aggressive nutritional intervention to reduce the plaque burden and stabilize the plaque so that it doesnt form a clot. You should monitor your blood pressure and undergo blood tests. We also recommend that you get a noninvasive test to monitor heart output and wall motion, such as a cardiac ultrasound along with a carotid ultrasound, with can include measurements of the intima-media thickness, as well as an accurate determination of body fat to monitor the lowering direction of plaque burden and body fat stores. Even if someone has chest pain with light exertion, with documented left main disease (disease in the left main coronary artery) with a reduction in ejection fraction, we still recommend nutrition as the primary treatment in a stable patient. This is because my experience has shown that in two or three months, ejection fraction can improve dramatically and angina can already be significantly improved. I do not recommend angiography and stenting or bypass unless acute coronary syndrome is present, worsening ejection fraction on repeat ultrasounds is demonstrated, or ventricular arrhythmias are severe or worsening. There is an emergency diet approach in chapter 8 that starts patients with serious disease on an aggressive dietary intervention for maximizing results. All the symptoms of heart disease, as well as blockages, can melt away with superior nutrition without any cardiac intervention. The risks and complications of cardiac interventions and bypass surgeries are simply not necessary when people adopt an effective nutritional strategy. Instead of prescribing drugs and recommending expensive and invasive medical procedures, doctors need to educate themselves and then educate and motivate patients to take charge of their own health.

AllQuiet on the Western Front :: essays research papers

All Quiet On The Western Front, written by Erich Maria Remarque, takes place in France during World War I. Paul Baumer, the narrator, was a young man who was fighting for his country, Germany. Paul was only 18 years old when the book first begins. Remarque starts the story with Paul and all of the soldiers in his company just finished with heavy front line fighting against the English and the French. He goes on in the story to explain the life of a soldier in World War I. Sometimes it was scary, funny, sad, boring, dirty, upsetting, life-threatening, but throughout ones company there was a special togetherness between the men in that company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul was a young man just out of school when he enlisted to fight for â€Å"the Fatherland,† Germany. One of his good childhood friends, Franz Kemmerich, volunteers with him to become a soldier and becomes Paul’s first experience with death when he dies from a leg amputation early in the war. Paul sat by him and watched him slowly pass away and realizes that war is real and brutal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul finds comfort with the other men in his company including Albert Kropp, Muller, and Tjaden; but the most important fellow soldier was Kat. He was a veteran soldier who knew how to survive in a war and with loss. He gave lots of advice and support to Paul during these rough times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The setting of this story takes place in France and Germany during the years 1916-1918. Remarque, the author was a veteran soldier in World War I, and he had experienced all of what Paul goes through.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He vividly illustrates life in the trenches. I could picture the dirt, the mud, the earth, the rats. I could imagine the shells going over my head missing my trench by inches, and he bullets whistling by my ears and just missing me. He explains how you may have long days off with no fighting and you have plenty of time on your hands to where the next day you get no sleep and are shooting for hours at a time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both the fighting and the down time help these men create a camaraderie that only they understand between each other. This bond between them comes about because of many different reasons. One of these reasons is because they are fighting on the same â€Å"team† against an enemy (the French and English). And if they want to accomplish their goals they have to depend on each other to do so. They are a team, a AllQuiet on the Western Front :: essays research papers All Quiet On The Western Front, written by Erich Maria Remarque, takes place in France during World War I. Paul Baumer, the narrator, was a young man who was fighting for his country, Germany. Paul was only 18 years old when the book first begins. Remarque starts the story with Paul and all of the soldiers in his company just finished with heavy front line fighting against the English and the French. He goes on in the story to explain the life of a soldier in World War I. Sometimes it was scary, funny, sad, boring, dirty, upsetting, life-threatening, but throughout ones company there was a special togetherness between the men in that company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul was a young man just out of school when he enlisted to fight for â€Å"the Fatherland,† Germany. One of his good childhood friends, Franz Kemmerich, volunteers with him to become a soldier and becomes Paul’s first experience with death when he dies from a leg amputation early in the war. Paul sat by him and watched him slowly pass away and realizes that war is real and brutal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul finds comfort with the other men in his company including Albert Kropp, Muller, and Tjaden; but the most important fellow soldier was Kat. He was a veteran soldier who knew how to survive in a war and with loss. He gave lots of advice and support to Paul during these rough times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The setting of this story takes place in France and Germany during the years 1916-1918. Remarque, the author was a veteran soldier in World War I, and he had experienced all of what Paul goes through.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He vividly illustrates life in the trenches. I could picture the dirt, the mud, the earth, the rats. I could imagine the shells going over my head missing my trench by inches, and he bullets whistling by my ears and just missing me. He explains how you may have long days off with no fighting and you have plenty of time on your hands to where the next day you get no sleep and are shooting for hours at a time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both the fighting and the down time help these men create a camaraderie that only they understand between each other. This bond between them comes about because of many different reasons. One of these reasons is because they are fighting on the same â€Å"team† against an enemy (the French and English). And if they want to accomplish their goals they have to depend on each other to do so. They are a team, a

The Poetics of Carol Muske and Joy Harjo :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Poetics of Carol Muske and Joy Harjo I began a study of autobiography and memoir writing several years ago. Recently I discovered two poets who believe that recording one’s place in history is integral to their art. Carol Muske and Joy Harjo are renowned poets who explore the intricacies of self in regards to cultural and historical place. Muske specifically addresses the poetics of women poets, while Harjo addresses the poetics of minority, specifically Native American, writers. Both poets emphasize the autobiographical nature of poetry. Muske and Harjo regard the self as integral to their art. In this representation of self, Muske and Harjo discuss the importance of truth-telling testimony and history in their poetics. Muske says, â€Å"†¦testimony exists to confront a world beyond the self and the drama of the self, even the world of silence—or the unanswerable†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Muske 16). Muske asks, â€Å"The question of self, for a woman poet†¦is continually vexing†¦what is a woman’s self?† (Muske 3). Women have historically had their self created for them by the patriarchal society in which they live, which leaves contemporary women wondering how to define a woman’s self at all. Even if they, as women, can create a self, how accurate is it? Muske muses on what is a truth telling self since a woman’s perception of truth is colored always by what the patriarchal society is telling her is truth. Muske says in her poem â€Å"A Private Matter†, â€Å"†¦there are the words, dialogue of people you once became or not†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . It is in these words that a woman finds herself, a poem of all the selves in a self, but not without a cost. In â€Å"Epith†, Muske muses: You forget yourself with each glittering pin, each chip off the old rock, each sip of the long toast to your famous independence, negotiated at such cost— and still refusing to fit. â€Å"The inclination to bear witness seems aligned with the missing self† (Muske 4). Women create the ‘missing’ self by telling their stories, not the stories that have been told to them by a male dominated society, but those stories that define that missing self. In so doing, Muske reiterates the statement James Olney makes when he says, â€Å"... even as the autobiographer fixes limits in the past, a new experiment in living, a new experience in consciousness ... and a new projection or metaphor of a new self is under way† (Olney).

Atlantis :: essays research papers

Atlantis Over 11,000 years ago there existed an island nation located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean populated by a noble and powerful race. The people of this land possessed great wealth thanks to the natural resources found throughout their island. The island was a center for trade and commerce. The rulers of this land held sway over the people and land of their own island and well into Europe and Africa. This was the island of Atlantis. Atlantis was the domain of Poseidon, god of the sea. When Poseidon fell in love with a mortal woman, Cleito, he created a dwelling at the top of a hill near the middle of the island and surrounded the dwelling with rings of water and land to protect her. Cleito gave birth to five sets of twin boys who became the first rulers of Atlantis. The island was divided among the brothers with the eldest, Atlas, first King of Atlantis, being given control over the central hill and surrounding areas. At the top of the central hill, a temple was built to honor Poseidon that housed a giant gold statue of Poseidon riding a chariot pulled by winged horses. It was here that the rulers of Atlantis would come to discuss laws, pass judgments, and pay tribute to Poseidon. To facilitate travel and trade, a water canal was cut through of the rings of land and water running south for 5.5 miles (~9 km) to the sea. The city of Atlantis sat just outside the outer ring of water and spread across the plain covering a circle of 11 miles (1.7 km). This was a densely populated area where the majority of the population lived.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beyond the city lay a fertile plain 330 miles (530 km) long and 110 miles (190 km) wide surrounded by another canal used to collect water from the rivers and streams of the mountains. The climate was such that two harvests were possible each year. One in the winter fed by the rains and one in the summer fed by irrigation from the canal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surrounding the plain to the north were mountains which soared to the skies. Villages, lakes, rivers, and meadows dotted the mountains. Besides the harvests, the island provided all kinds of herbs, fruits, and nuts. An abundance of animals, including elephants, roamed the island. For generations the Atlanteans lived simple, virtuous lives. But slowly they began to change. Greed and power began to corrupt them.

Learning and Teaching of Science and Mathematics in English Essay

I would like to voluntarily contribute their thoughts in terms of the Learning and Teaching of Science and Mathematics in English (PPSMI). To ensure that we better understand the issues that in recent cendikawan expressed by many countries, let us turn to the fundamental question of learning and teaching itself. Students to school. They learn in the classroom (or laboratory science or handicraft workshops, etc.. ). Short said students learn, teachers teach. The main basis of learning. As a result of teaching, there will generally be four groups of students. First, there are students who fully understand the teacher. They are the ones that usually appear as a brilliant student and obtain the best results in every test monthly, semester or major examinations like UPSR, SMRA, PMR, SMA, SPM, STPM or other examination until at higher education institutions. They excel because they fully understand almost all the subjects taught by the teacher. Inasmuch as it is an excellent student Azali Azlan (SPM 2007, 21A) does not require additional tuition classes but managed by the school. Nadiah Amira (SPM 2006, 18A) and Nor Amalina Che Bakri (SPM 2004 17A1) just take tuition for Principles of Accounts subject only. Because they fully understand the teachings of the teacher, then they can master a subject better. The second is the group of students who only understand some of what is taught by the teacher. Perhaps out of ten things they can only understand things only six or seven. This moderate student groups. Some subjects fully understood, while others understood some subjects only. For that reason their results covering grades A, B and C as an example. We classify them as medium students. The third group consists of students who can only understand a fraction of hat is being taught by their class teacher. This group of weak students. The average grade earned is C and D only. Rarely do they get a B or A. Maybe for some other subject they failed to continue. Then we have the lowest group, which failed because the students did not understand what was being taught by their teachers. They are the ones who are often in class bekalang. Because not understand what is being taught by the teacher, then they go to school â€Å"just the happenings†. What factors cause they understand or do not understand the teacher? Much!. On the part of students, they are less understood due to inattention in class, playing the teacher teaches, there is no solid foundation mempepalajari a title that was introduced and the like. Next to the teacher about it may be due to less effective teaching. But there is another critical factor that determines the understanding or misunderstanding of teaching students. There are times when students have to focus 100% of the class. They do not play around when the teacher teaches. However, because the language used by the teacher was not understood by the student, it is still difficult for them to understand what is being taught. This is among the main things that cause problems in PPSMI. It becomes more apparent if teachers are able to master the subject of English itself. Or perhaps the efforts of teachers to teach using less become bilingual. In my mother was UNDERSTAND key academic success. If a student understands what is being taught by the teacher, then the chances to score a very good subject. If not, then the chances are very slim indeed. For that reason we see some of the students look as if not study hard compared to her classmates as well as participate in various extra-curricular activities and held several important positions in clubs nd societies, but excel as a student of the school on the day of the award of distinction for outstanding students. His friend was working two times stronger from it, attending tuition classes and participate in extracurricular activities lop school alone, but not more impressive in their studies. What has gone wrong? There is no magic in any of the last outstanding achievers but because he fully understand the teachings of the teacher, while her friend is not so. Meanwhile his friend should take a little time to make revision and homework, he had to struggle for hours to get the same results. The answer, a misunderstanding, and another less or do not understand. Therefore, the mother is the key to success UNDERSTAND what is taught by the teacher. Let me make an analogy to strengthen these arguments. Suppose Mathematics or Science are taught by a teacher from the Middle East in Arabic, or by teachers from Manila in English Tagolog or by a teacher from Pirenza (Florence) in Italian. We ourselves are still groping in Arabic or Tagolog or Italy to follow the teaching. As good as any teacher, surely very difficult for us to understand the lesson. It might be a bit extreme analogy, but that the elements of the problems faced by students who either does not know or weak English language. In a similar situation that, like tutoring program run by the Ministry of Education (tuition vouchers) or Felda (Felda tuition scheme) or other government agencies and non-government about its effectiveness because the basic problem, which does not understand or do not understand the teachings of the teacher as the use of a particular language exists. I still remember my conversation with a teacher from Kota Belud, Sabah when he invites students to writing in English. She asked the students to tell what the word â€Å"introduction† in English. Each essay must begin with â€Å"identity†. He was surprised when a student said (not the purpose of humor) â€Å"IC† For students baeangkali as â€Å"ID card† is often disebaut as â€Å"IC†, then that’s probably worn logic. That’s just one of many examples, and hundreds of â€Å"funnies† in which school teachers, especially in rural areas face in teaching Science and Mathematics in English. This means that students who are weak in English, moreover taught by teachers who are not fully prepared to teach in English Maths and Science to face two levels of problems. The first problem that made them understand teaching in a language they are not comfortable, and they understand the subject matter of science and mathematics itself. Whether justified or not, before this we often hear public complaints about the weakness of Bumiputera students in both subject matter. With memeprkenalkan PPSMI, we not only fail to address this problem, even worse. I strongly agree once we seriously reexamine PPSMI as one of the main reasons is that PPSMI was introduced to strengthen the command of English among students in our country. That’s a noble goal that should not be disputed, but what is the approach through the PPSMI. Why not strengthen the implementation of the teaching and learning of English itself as is often touted by many people. Even assuming the use of English to develop the country there are also arguments reaction. Many countries in the world who do not use English as the main language of success. View Thailand itself as the progress of science and technology is also great actually. Of Japan, Germany, and now the emergence of new economic giant China. My experience in Italy last year quite relevant. On average either on TV, street signs and almost 95% of general conversation in Italian. But it developed. Many Italian brand into the world game. No English.

Understanding the Development Strategy of a Five Star Hotel

â€Å"Reflecting on My Group† Yuvakumar Naga Sindhura (n6994059) The purpose of this essay is to understand the development of strategy for a five star resort hotel. The process of development within the team and the understanding of the conflicting ideas. The strategy was meant to be developed for a fictitious resort hotel which consists of 150 rooms, with no specific location. A group consists of two or more individuals who work and interact with each other to achieve a common goal (Bartol, Tein, Mathews, & Martin, 2005). I worked with Ehsan, Armeen, in order to brainstorm and discuss possible strategies that could be possibly developed for the upcoming resort hotel. As a group we were unproductive as my members were unable to move without a location in mind and hence stagnated in formulating a strategy, which proved to be a major issue. Hence leading Inkpen (1996) (as cited in Bauerschmidt, 1996) to demonstate the presence in the absence of strategy. Mintzberg (1973) as cited in (Selveg, 1987) focuses mainly on the purpose of the decisions, who is involved in making them, how preferences are evaluated, and types of environments ideal for the mode. Therefore Mintzberg thus laid prominence on the process by which strategies surface, rather than on their content. But a personal strategy has been developed providing a direction for growth and success. My personal strategy formulated is an all-season resort destination of choice for visitors and residents, specializing in world-class alpine skiing and recreation facilities with a local historic and cultural focus, nestled amongst pristine forest terrain and rugged mountain ranges. This essay discusses and reflects upon our collective involvement and the processes and stages that we progressed. In this essay we shall explore Tuckmans(1965) stages of group development (forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning), also defining the inputs, practices, processes and outcomes of working together in a group, along with the explanation and application of group cohesiveness, relevant member roles and leadership values which were supposed to be apparent within my group but lacked as everyone had opinions to what the leader had to say. As group members begin carrying out tasks and activities, eventually a team is evolved. Teams go through five stages of development as identified by Tuckman (1965), as cited in (Miller, 2003). Mostly all our meeting were held in class, our group had five undeceive individuals who only spent time discussing and brainstorming on what should be done first like the strategy, mission, vision or the values, rather than making a beginning. Therefore no progress was seen, even though worksheets were given during every class to guide us accordingly. Strategy was anticipated but was not fully present in the conflict of making one and it is believed that in this process the notion of strategies are in transition (Bauerschmidt, 1996). Therefore identifying group tasks and goals and building relations with each other was minimal. Tuckman(1965), as cited in (Miller, 2003) states that during this stage it is important that team members learn about each other, recognise the attitudes of other members and establish the goals and purpose of the group. During the regular interactions in the group meeting, we developed a positive relationship with each other, which is one of the key points suggested by (Tiosvold, Hui, Ding, & Hu, 2003) who supports the traditional idea that relationships are crucial for effective team performance. As a group we had different attitudes, values and cultural backgrounds, which could have thought to cause conflict within the team, but indecision was the highlight throughout, as some others in the group were skeptical of whether they were going the right direction, hence their opinions were not voiced and ideas were not shared both ways. It became a one way flow of ideas or discussion. But we experienced positive and friendly attitudes and exchange of ideas on varied topics, mostly apart from the topic of presentation and the assignment, thereby increasing our knowledge. As a group we experienced minimal cohesiveness. Cohesion in a group involves the level of purpose and commitment to the team among members (Dwyer, 2005). But due the difference in understanding and the mode of communication, the group ended up splitting into half, getting into sides where individuals understood each other. Cohesion is also linked to the input of knowledge and skills in a group, a group should have similar cultural backgrounds in order to be effective, to which I agree as all the members of our group came from different cultural backgrounds, with different values, efficiency and effectiveness, hence direction lacked in rder to achieve our goal. Groups with diverse attitudes and backgrounds are alternatively said to be more creative and flexible and make better decisions (Bartol et al. , 2005). I further refined the personal strategy formulated previously to develop a clearer direction for the growth and development of the organisation. The revised version of the strategy is an all-season resort destination of choic e for visitors and residents, specializing in world-class alpine skiing and recreation facilities with a local historic and cultural focus, nestled amongst pristine forest terrain and rugged mountain ranges. Offering personalised attention and facilities to physically unwind. It has been found in literature that the content and process of strategy emerge as two distinctly separate, but related concepts, and there appears to be no direct underlying relationship between strategy content and the process of strategy making but there is rather a relationship arising from and which is attributable to the holistic nature of an open social system (Van de Ven 1979 as cited by Seveg, 1987). Next stage of group development is storming; this is the stage when intra-group conflict and hostility can arise. All members of our group worked well together, but with a lot of challenging conflict. I believe we lacked the values of leadership skills, which did not give us the reinforcement to perform better. The ability to influence and develop individuals of a team, in order to achieve a worthwhile vision which meets the current needs of everyone and everything required by the form of work (Cacioppe, 2001 as cited in Volckmann 2005). Leadership skills portrayed at least by a member is required for a team to stay focused and move towards their goals. Leaders appear everywhere, depending on the circumstances that require them to exert leadership (Wheatley, 2005). This was least reflected by the chosen leader or the other members of the team. A self-managed team is an unsupervised group of people responsible for a task; they are given complete control over group membership and behaviors. Our self-managed team as in all other teams consisted of differing group-task roles, group roles fall into three categories; task, maintenance and self-orientated. Group-task related members help the group develop and accomplish its tasks and goals; and the group-maintenance, members within my group provided differences of opinions constantly but had a good level of interpersonal relationships with members, which to a level fostered group harmony but still resulted in ineffective group work (Bartol et al. , 2005). As my group progressed to the norming stage our relationships, goals and plans were still unclear, but we had to head off our ways to complete the assignment. Even though most of everything that we were supposed to do was unclear for us, we came to a consensus decision where the expression of cognitive conflict among members of the group is encouraged without allowing an explicit group interaction (Priem, Harrison and Muir, 1995). We then progressed to the performing stage of group development. This stage entails the development of interpersonal relationships, problem solving and achievement of performance, but was our performance a successful one? It is evident that there was lack of clarity throughout, but good level of interpersonal skills were maintained, however problem solving as a team lacked. At this stage I personally thought of revising my strategy for th resort management as it was long. The all-season resort destination specializing in world-class alpine skiing and recreation facilities with historic and cultural focus, nestled amongst pristine forest terrain and rugged mountain ranges away from the hustle bustle of daily life. Offering our customers personalised attention and facilities to physically unwind. After trying to put our heads to the requirements of our assignment we tried one last time to gather thoughts together thereby entering the adjourning stage, this involves goal accomplishment and the ultimate movement away from the group (Miller, 2003). We met together for the final time and reflected upon what we gathered and if what we gathered was sufficient and appropriate for our assignment. Overall, as a group we came to the mutual agreement that we as a team had no goal to achieve and our time was insignificantly wasted as we lacked an understanding of what we were to do and how we were to go about it. In conclusion the final strategy personally created was what remained for the organisation. As a group we departed our directions in order to formulate a strategy for the upcoming resort hotel. According Tuckman (1965) as cited by (Miller,2003) stages of team development we were unable to fit as we really did not understand our task at hand.

Drug and Alcohol Abuse

â€Å"Humankind has used mind- or mood- altering drugs at least since the beginning of recorded history and maybe before† (Substance). As time as well as technology progressed, so did the use and abuse of drugs and alcohol. The invention of the automobile increased the dangers of the abuse and use of these drugs. Each year in the United States and Canada, alcohol abuse is the cause of 100,000 deaths. Alcohol is also the drug that children ages 12 to 17 most commonly abuse. Teenagers become eligible to obtain their drivers license during these years, alcohol abuse is the leading cause of teenage deaths.People who abuse alcohol are more likely to abuse other drugs as well. â€Å"Drug abuse includes the use of illegal drugs—such as marijuana, methamphetamines, cocaine, heroin, or other â€Å"street drugs†Ã¢â‚¬â€and the abuse of legal prescription and nonprescription drugs†(Alcohol). When an individual is under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs, there min d is in an altered state. Because of this, operation of an automobile can be very dangerous to anyone around. The abuser is also more likely to be involved in a violent dispute or have medical complications when under the influence.Because of these issues, it is very important that there be laws against alcohol and drug abuse. It is also very important to have consequences for breaking those laws. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration developed a method of determining if the operator of a motor vehicle is under the influence of drugs or alcohol. The test they developed is known as the Standardized field Sobriety Test. â€Å"The Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) is a battery of three tests administered and evaluated in a standardized manner to obtain validated indicators of impairment and establish probable cause for arrest† (Standardized).The test includes the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus which consists of the individual looking side to side while the officer observes the jerks of the eye. There is also a walk and turn exercise and a stand on one leg exercise. When this test is conducted properly, it can determine within 91% accuracy if the individual is under the influence. As we all know, drug and alcohol abuse has become a big problem among all social classes. When alcohol and drug abuse occurs among celebrities, it is publicized on the cover of every gossip magazine and talk station.These individuals are not doing anything different than your average everyday American, but their lives are made public so that everyone can criticize and talk about them. An example of a celebrity who has had their personal life publicized is Lindsay Lohan. I watched a television show yesterday about her legal troubles. Lindsay Lohan, who has been in various movies and commercials since she was a toddler, has had a long battle with alcohol and drug abuse. In 2005, she was charged with misdemeanor DUI and released from jail the same day.She has attempted a variety of rehab facilities including six weeks at Promises Rehab. Lohan was stopped and charged again in July of 2005 for DUI. This time she was arrested and searched. Law enforcement found a small amount of Cocaine in her possession; therefore she was also booked for narcotics charges and also driving with a suspended license. She was released from jail after posting a 25,000 bail. After this arrest, she attempted yet another rehab facility. When she returned for court, she pled guilty to 2 DUI charges. As a part of a plea deal, she was released from the other charges.She was sentenced to 1 day in jail, 10 days of community service, and 36 months probation. She was also ordered to complete a drug facility center. In November, she reported to serve her day in jail and was released after 84 minutes due to overcrowding. Lohans bail was revoked in 2010 because she failed to show for a probation hearing. A warrant was also issued for her arrest, but then revoked when she posed her bo nd. Two days later, she returned to court and it was determined that she violated her bond by missing several alcohol education classes.She was sentenced to 90 days in jail of which she served 14 days, and 90 days of lockdown rehab of which she served about three weeks. (The E! Hollywood Story). Although it was portrayed as if Lohan was given a reduced sentence time because she is a celebrity, but in my opinion, she was not. When everything someone does is publicized, as it is with celebrities, it is easy for us to say they were given a reduced sentence, but in actuality, many people convicted of crimes are given reduced sentences or none at all.I do believe that if you have more money to pay fines, then you are more likely to not serve time, but you do not have to be a celebrity to pay your way out of trouble. Many people charged with DUI never do any time because they are able to pay fines or hire a lawyer to prove them innocent when they are not. I have a friend who was pulled fo r suspected DUI. She was given a field sobriety test of which she failed. She was then given a breathalyzer and it was determined to be three times the legal limit. She was arrested for DUI, and then released the next day.She was able to hire a lawyer to review all the paperwork and videos the officer had turned in. It was clear she was guilty, but the officer did not do everything just right, so her case was dismissed. This shows that our justice system is flawed. When there are no consequences for your actions, you continue to do those things that could harm others. I believe that sentencing for substance abuse should be a federal law. There are too many innocent individuals who are killed because someone is a substance abuser. I also believe that community service should not be a part of sentencing and programs such as PTI should not be available.I believe that driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol puts others at an increased risk of bodily harm and should be a crime th at carries a jail time sentence. If believe that if you choose to drink and drive, then you choose to do the time!REFERENCES Alcohol and Drug Problems. Jan Nisel. October 27, 2010http://www. peacehealth. org/KBASE/topic/symptom/alcpb/overview. htm Substance Abuse Counseling: Theory and Practice by Patricia Stevens and Robert L. Smith Page 4 Standardized Field Sobriety Testing http://www. nhtsa. gov/people/injury/alcohol/SFST/appendix_a. htm The E! Hollywood Story: aired October 2010 Drug and Alcohol Abuse â€Å"Humankind has used mind- or mood- altering drugs at least since the beginning of recorded history and maybe before† (Substance). As time as well as technology progressed, so did the use and abuse of drugs and alcohol. The invention of the automobile increased the dangers of the abuse and use of these drugs. Each year in the United States and Canada, alcohol abuse is the cause of 100,000 deaths. Alcohol is also the drug that children ages 12 to 17 most commonly abuse. Teenagers become eligible to obtain their drivers license during these years, alcohol abuse is the leading cause of teenage deaths.People who abuse alcohol are more likely to abuse other drugs as well. â€Å"Drug abuse includes the use of illegal drugs—such as marijuana, methamphetamines, cocaine, heroin, or other â€Å"street drugs†Ã¢â‚¬â€and the abuse of legal prescription and nonprescription drugs†(Alcohol). When an individual is under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs, there min d is in an altered state. Because of this, operation of an automobile can be very dangerous to anyone around. The abuser is also more likely to be involved in a violent dispute or have medical complications when under the influence.Because of these issues, it is very important that there be laws against alcohol and drug abuse. It is also very important to have consequences for breaking those laws. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration developed a method of determining if the operator of a motor vehicle is under the influence of drugs or alcohol. The test they developed is known as the Standardized field Sobriety Test. â€Å"The Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) is a battery of three tests administered and evaluated in a standardized manner to obtain validated indicators of impairment and establish probable cause for arrest† (Standardized).The test includes the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus which consists of the individual looking side to side while the officer observes the jerks of the eye. There is also a walk and turn exercise and a stand on one leg exercise. When this test is conducted properly, it can determine within 91% accuracy if the individual is under the influence. As we all know, drug and alcohol abuse has become a big problem among all social classes. When alcohol and drug abuse occurs among celebrities, it is publicized on the cover of every gossip magazine and talk station.These individuals are not doing anything different than your average everyday American, but their lives are made public so that everyone can criticize and talk about them. An example of a celebrity who has had their personal life publicized is Lindsay Lohan. I watched a television show yesterday about her legal troubles. Lindsay Lohan, who has been in various movies and commercials since she was a toddler, has had a long battle with alcohol and drug abuse. In 2005, she was charged with misdemeanor DUI and released from jail the same day.She has attempted a variety of rehab facilities including six weeks at Promises Rehab. Lohan was stopped and charged again in July of 2005 for DUI. This time she was arrested and searched. Law enforcement found a small amount of Cocaine in her possession; therefore she was also booked for narcotics charges and also driving with a suspended license. She was released from jail after posting a 25,000 bail. After this arrest, she attempted yet another rehab facility. When she returned for court, she pled guilty to 2 DUI charges. As a part of a plea deal, she was released from the other charges.She was sentenced to 1 day in jail, 10 days of community service, and 36 months probation. She was also ordered to complete a drug facility center. In November, she reported to serve her day in jail and was released after 84 minutes due to overcrowding. Lohans bail was revoked in 2010 because she failed to show for a probation hearing. A warrant was also issued for her arrest, but then revoked when she posed her bo nd. Two days later, she returned to court and it was determined that she violated her bond by missing several alcohol education classes.She was sentenced to 90 days in jail of which she served 14 days, and 90 days of lockdown rehab of which she served about three weeks. (The E! Hollywood Story). Although it was portrayed as if Lohan was given a reduced sentence time because she is a celebrity, but in my opinion, she was not. When everything someone does is publicized, as it is with celebrities, it is easy for us to say they were given a reduced sentence, but in actuality, many people convicted of crimes are given reduced sentences or none at all.I do believe that if you have more money to pay fines, then you are more likely to not serve time, but you do not have to be a celebrity to pay your way out of trouble. Many people charged with DUI never do any time because they are able to pay fines or hire a lawyer to prove them innocent when they are not. I have a friend who was pulled fo r suspected DUI. She was given a field sobriety test of which she failed. She was then given a breathalyzer and it was determined to be three times the legal limit. She was arrested for DUI, and then released the next day.She was able to hire a lawyer to review all the paperwork and videos the officer had turned in. It was clear she was guilty, but the officer did not do everything just right, so her case was dismissed. This shows that our justice system is flawed. When there are no consequences for your actions, you continue to do those things that could harm others. I believe that sentencing for substance abuse should be a federal law. There are too many innocent individuals who are killed because someone is a substance abuser. I also believe that community service should not be a part of sentencing and programs such as PTI should not be available.I believe that driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol puts others at an increased risk of bodily harm and should be a crime th at carries a jail time sentence. If believe that if you choose to drink and drive, then you choose to do the time!REFERENCES Alcohol and Drug Problems. Jan Nisel. October 27, 2010http://www. peacehealth. org/KBASE/topic/symptom/alcpb/overview. htm Substance Abuse Counseling: Theory and Practice by Patricia Stevens and Robert L. Smith Page 4 Standardized Field Sobriety Testing http://www. nhtsa. gov/people/injury/alcohol/SFST/appendix_a. htm The E! Hollywood Story: aired October 2010

How did developments in the Balkans lead to the outbreak of the war?

What was the role of Serbia? Austria? Russia? What was the aim of German policy in July 1914? Did Germany want a general war? The Balkans is the historic name given to the states in southeastern Europe. Only five states in the Balkans were free from being ruled by Turkey. The people that lived in these areas were considered Slavs. Once Turkey stopped ruling these five states, they wanted to save the remaining states under Turkish rule. The movement was called the Pan-Slavism movement. This movement wanted to unite all of the Slavs including Russia, and break down Turkey and Austria-Hungary. Because Austria wanted to disable the movements of Slavs, they annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Balkan Wars prepared the way for World War I by satisfying some of the aspirations of Serbia and thereby giving a great impetus to the Serbian desire to annex parts of Austria-Hungary; by alarming Austria and stiffening Austrian resolution to crush Serbia; and by giving causes of dissatisfaction to Bulgaria and Turkey (â€Å"Balkan Wars† 2007) In July 1914, Germany sought war and started what we called now the World War I. The German policy at that tome was centered on the following: a. )illustrating Russia as the aggressor, b. an Austrian ultimatum to Serbia had to be designed to preclude a negotiated settlement, c. ) Italy had to be convinced to join the German side through whatever means and d.) as many secret military measures as possible had to be taken to facilitate mobilization once it was announced. Generally, Germany with its goals was evidently setting the stage for a successful general war (Copeland 2001 pp. 85-87). 2. Assess the settlement of Versailles. What were its good points? Bad points? Was the peace too harsh or too conciliatory? Could it have ensured peace in Europe? How might it have been improved? The Treaty of Versailles seemed to satisfy only the â€Å"Big Three† which are Britain, France and America. For France, it appeared as if Germany had been smashed; for Britain, it was satisfied that enough of Germany's power had been left to act as a buffer to communist expansion from Russia ; and for America, it was just happy that the proceedings were over. They kept Germany weak yet strong enough to stop the spread of communism. They kept the French border safe from another German attack and created the organization, the League of Nations, whose was to end warfare throughout the world. However, it left a mood of anger throughout Germany as it was felt that as a nation Germany had been unfairly treated. Above all else, Germany hated the clause blaming them for the cause of the war and the resultant financial penalties the treaty was bound to impose on Germany. Those who signed it became known as the â€Å"November Criminals†. Many German citizens felt that they were being punished for the mistakes of the German government in August 1914 as it was the government that had declared war not the people. On the other hand, the Treaty of Versailles brought forth peace settlements to materialize all over Europe particularly in Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey. But because of the harsh conditions of the treaty, Germany's acceptance of the provisions did not last. In 1933, Hitler refused to pay the reparations. This instigated the rise of power of the Nazis (Trueman 2008). 3. Discuss France’s foreign policy problems after the Versailles Treaty. By what means could it best obtain security? Was the invasion of the Ruhr wise? Should France have signed the Locarno pact? Should it have made an alliance with Soviet Russia? French defense policy right through the inter-war decades (1919–39) was consistently defensive and non-aggressive – consistent with France’s status as a territorially satisfied ‘status quo’ power. The Versailles Treaty caused a financial imperative in which dominated France's foreign policy through-out the twenties, leading to the 1923 occupation of the Ruhr in order to force Germany to pay the reparations required under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. The occupation of the Ruhr led to a collapse of the German economy. There was massive inflation and large increase in unemployment. Germany was unable to pay, and obtained support from the United States. Thus, the Dawes Plan was negotiated after President Raymond Poincare's occupation of the Ruhr, and then the Young Plan in 1929. The French occupation of the Ruhr had swung German opinion to the Right. It encouraged Hitler and his Fascists in Bavaria that somehow led to World War II (Price, 1969). More so, French pursuit of economic cooperation with Germany from 1919-1922 was perceived as â€Å"an initial stage† of â€Å"an important strain – in some respects the dominant strain–in France’s postwar foreign policy† (Blatt, 2001). Meanwhile, the Locarno pact led to the improvement of the relationship between France and Germany wherein series of treaties of mutual guarantee and arbitration were signed that guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 (â€Å"Locorno Pact, 2007). Furthermore, France’s leaders were aware, however, that she could not defeat Germany alone. Therefore, French foreign and defense policy in 1936–39 was heavily determined by a quest for a firm British commitment to underwrite French security. This, however, was not obtained until February 1939. Another problem was the French need to find a counterweight to Germany in Eastern Europe. This had traditionally been Russia (through the Franco-Russian alliance of 1894). That union had foundered, however, on the ideological hostility of French political conservatives to Russia’s Bolshevik regime after 1917. This diplomatic problem was compounded by geo-politics: Russia had no common frontier with Germany after the territorial adjustments of 1919 had re-created Poland. Thus, even the French Left’s desire for an updated Franco-Russian (Franco-Soviet) defensive alliance was not self-evidently the answer to France’s strategic exposure, if faced by further German aggression as seen in 1914 (Evans &Godin. 2004). 4. How was Hitler able to defeat France so easily in 1940? Why was the air war against Britain a failure? Why did Hitler invade Russia? Why did the invasion fail? Could it have succeeded? Hitler was able to swiftly defeat France because of the German's strategic boldness and operational dash. Actually, the French forces could have been able to fight the German offensive that opened on 10 May 1940 to a standstill because they have more superior design and more combat capabilities. But because the forces were deployed all over France, their defenses were easily breached. However, the air strikes of Germany in Great Britain did not experience the same victory as it had with its first conquest. There were several reasons for this defeat of Hitler, including the superiority of the British Spitfire over German fighters and limited fuel supply. The main factor that caused the German's strategy. In the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe concentrated on attacking the British air fields. Despite British superiority in aerial combat, their air fields were being steadily degraded and were damaged. If the Germans kept were able to constantly attacked the British air fields, the would have gained the upper hand in the battle. But Hitler's order of attacking British cities, to terrorize the British people into submission have caused the British air force's to secure their air fields and gain tactical advantages. â€Å"The Beginning of World War II†). Hitler suffered a major military and political problem in his quest for the invasion of Britain. He was dubious about his own plan. The ideological reason why Hitler was not fully committed to invading Britain was for him, it would have been a distraction. Britain contained neither the space, nor the raw materials, that he believed the new German Empire needed. But for Hitler's po int of view, there was an alternative to invading Britain: he could invade the Soviet Union. Both Hitler and his military planners knew that Germany's best chance of victory was for the war in Europe to be finished swiftly (Rees, 2001, p. 1). At first, the Soviet invasion was successful because of their German Blitzkrieg technique that cause annihilation in Russia (Rees, 2001, p. 2). The tables were turned when Hitler set in motion one of the bitterest conflicts of the 20th century – the Battle of Stalingrad. In the spring of 1942, he launched a two-pronged attack. The ferocity of the fighting at Stalingrad shocked the Germans, who were used to the relative ease of their Blitzkrieg tactics (Rees, 2001, p. ). The Germans could not have won the battle because Stalin did everything he could to prove to the Germans that they will not back down from the German's power. He utilized every Soviet to defend their territory. 5. Trace the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. How important was Gorbachev in transforming the political and economic atmosphere of the Soviet Union? Why did he fail? How did things change under Boris Yeltsin? What problems still face Russia today? On the night of November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall—the most potent symbol of the cold-war division of Europe—came down. The collapse of the Berlin Wall was the culminating point of the revolutionary changes sweeping East Central Europe in 1989. Throughout the Soviet bloc, reformers assumed power and ended over 40 years of dictatorial Communist rule which was called the â€Å"Revolutionary Wave† that started in Poland followed through by Czechoslovakia, Romania and other eastern European countries. In 1985, the assumption of power in the Soviet Union by a reformer, Mikhail Gorbachev, paved the way for political and economic reforms in East Central Europe. Gorbachev abandoned the â€Å"Brezhnev Doctrine† — the Soviet Union’s policy of intervening with military force, if necessary, to preserve Communist rule in the region. Instead, he encouraged the local Communist leaders to seek new ways of gaining popular support for their rule (â€Å"Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe, 1989†). However, Gorbachev's â€Å"balancing act† between reform and hard-line Communist forces within the Soviet Union helped create a power vacuum which unleashed forces that destroyed the Warsaw Pact and Soviet Union from within. Ultimately, Gorbachev’s failure to lead and inability to act decisively brought about his own downfall(â€Å"Tear Down This Wall: The Fall of Soviet Communism in Central and Eastern Europe,† 2008). After the fall of Communism in the Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin became the freely elected leader of Russia. During his term, there was incoherence in the party and Yeltsin had a debilitated hold on the Russian people. His leadership was erratic and often crude, and the democrat often ruled in the manner of a czar. He showed no reluctance to use the power of the presidency to face down his opponents, as he did in a showdown in 1993 when he ordered tanks to fire on the parliament, dominated by openly seditious Communists, and in 1994 when he embarked upon a harsh military operation to subdue the breakaway republic of Chechnya. That costly and ruinous war almost became his undoing, and it flared ferociously back to life in 1999, continuing to rage long after his resignation (Berger, 2007, p. 1). Generally, modern Russia is still experiencing an economic crisis and many social problems caused by costly mistakes committed by their leaders. There is a large number of unemployment that resulted millions of Russians to live in poverty. With this kind of living condition, Russian are incline to have short life expectancy (â€Å"Troubled Times – political, economic and social problems in Russia† 1999). 6. How do you account for the continued vitality of Christianity in a secular age? What role should the church play in the modern world? Should it involve itself with the political affairs of the world? In this regard, discuss John Paul II’s papacy. Will Church and State come into conflict again? The Church is a living community, lay and ecclesiastical, dedicated to the moral and spiritual education of its followers and the whole modern Western society in general. The Church is one of the great transmitters and mediators of the whole moral and spiritual wealth of the past into the present-day world, a mission which transcends sectarian divisions and particular formal moral and theological beliefs. Its teaching mission calls for not merely preserving the ideals and beauties of the past, but vigorously translating them into an idiom for the modern world . For centuries the Church has exerted a profound and incalculable spiritual and cultural influence in many parts of the world, helping to shape men's minds, and the motives which govern their actions. In terms of meddling in political affairs, the Church has the role of peacemaker. A number of religious leaders particularly the Pope encourage a more favorable climate for the peaceful diplomatic settlement of disputes. A Pope can use its moral prestige to mobilize public opinion in behalf of peace and its diplomatic apparatus to encourage conciliation (Rostow, 1968). This role is clearly seen during the papacy of Pope John Paul II from 1978 to 2005. During his term, he had met with various political leaders such as Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat and Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union. He facilitated these talks to ensure that these leaders are not abusing their power and most importantly that they are doing their jobs to protect and serve their constituents. However, the Church should not push further its participation with political matters so as not to aggravate these political leaders. The Church should act as facilitators of peace and order and not as implementors because that is the role of the government. Doing the latter would mean that Church is bypassing the function of the government that would eventually lead to a conflict. In simpler terms, the Church deals with the eternal order that pertains to eternal salvation while the State deals with the temporal order, which is concerned with the here and now, the material well-being of citizens (â€Å"The Role of the Church in Society† 2007).